我国小麦品质现状及其改良目标初探

 本文根据当前我国主要麦区有代表性生产品种的品质测定结果，分析我国小麦品质现状，对我国优质面包小麦的各项品质标准进行了探讨，并针对我国小麦品质改良工作中存在的问题提出了若干建议。     

麦秆表面形貌及表面元素分析

利用光学显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪对麦秆表面形貌及表面元素进行了分析研究。研究表明：麦秆横切面上有表皮组织、薄壁组织和维管组织3种组织；外表面壁上有长细胞、短细胞、栓质细胞、硅细胞和气孔器，外壁被强烈加厚，其不被叶鞘包围的部分有发达的角质层；内表面主要是薄壁细胞，这些细胞之间排列不是很紧密，也没有形成角质层。在麦秆的不同层面上，C元素含量由外及里逐渐降低；O元素、N元素含量由外及里逐渐升高；Si元素含量中间层最高。麦秆表面经过氩离子溅射后，由外及里，随着氩刻的加深，C含量呈现降低趋势，O、N、Si含量呈现升高趋势。由20℃到270℃的升温过程中，170℃是C、O元素含量的转折点，而N、Si元素含量在升温过程中变化幅度不是很大。     

Effect of steam explosion on enzymatic hydrolysis and baking quality of wheat bran

In this study, the effect of steam explosion (SE) treatment on microstructure, enzymatic hydrolysis and baking quality of wheat bran was investigated. Coarse and fine bran were treated at different steam temperatures (120–160 °C) and residence times (5 or 10 min) and then hydrolysed with carbohydrase enzymes. The SE treatment increased water extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) content from 0.75 to 2.06% and reducing sugars from 0.92 to 2.41% for fine bran. The effect was more pronounced with increased SE temperature and residence time. The highest carbohydrate solubilisation was observed in fine bran at SE treatment of 160 °C, 5 min. WEAX content increased to 3.13% when this bran was incubated without enzyme, while WEAX content increased to 9.14% with enzyme addition. Microscopic analysis indicated that cell wall structure of wheat bran was disrupted by severe SE conditions. Supplementation of SE treated (150 °C, 10 min) bran at 20% replacement level decreased the baking quality of bread. However SE followed by enzymatic hydrolysis increased specific volume and decreased crumb hardness (on the day of baking and after three days of storage). Phytic acid content of bread supplemented with SE treated bran was lower than the one supplemented with untreated bran.     

A rapid extensigraph protocol for measuring dough viscoelasticity and mixing requirement

The extensigraph is particularly useful in characterizing dough viscoelastic properties; however, testing throughput for standard method is low due to the prerequisite for farinograph water absorption, long dough resting and milling to prepare large amounts of flour. Therefore, a rapid extensigraph method was developed that reduced sample size (165 g wheat) for milling and more than tripled throughput. Wheat is milled in Quadrumat Junior mill with a modified sieving system. The resulting flour (100 g) was mixed with a pin mixer at constant water absorption to allow the evaluation of wheat genotypes at the absorption level they are expected to perform. Dough was subsequently stretched by an extensigraph after 15 min of floor time and 30 min resting. Strong correlations for extensigram R_max (r > 0.93), extensibility (r > 0.64) and area (r > 0.88) were found for the proposed method compared to the standard method. Mixing parameters (time and energy) obtained during dough preparation provided further information about dough strength and mixing requirement. By significantly reducing sample size requirement and increasing testing throughput, this rapid extensigraph method can be widely adopted in milling and baking industry and meets the need for a fast evaluation of dough strength in breeding trials.     

Disulphide structure of high-molecular-weight (HMW-) gliadins as affected by terminators

This study aimed at elucidating SS-bonds of HMW-gliadins (HGL) from wheat with the focus on terminators of glutenin polymerisation. HGL from wheat flour extracts non-treated or treated with the S-alkylation reagent N-ethylmaleinimide (NEMI) were compared. HGL from wheat flour Akteur were isolated, hydrolysed with thermolysin and the resulting peptides pre-separated by gel permeation chromatography and analysed by liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry using alternating electron transfer dissociation/collision-induced dissociation. Altogether, 22 and 28 SS-peptides from samples without and with NEMI treatment, respectively, were identified. Twenty-six peptides included standard SS-bonds of α- and γ-gliadins, high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits. Eleven SS-bonds were identified for the first time. Fifteen peptides unique to HGL contained cysteine residues from gliadins with an odd number of cysteines (ω5-, α- and γ-gliadins). Thus, gliadins with an odd number of cysteines, glutathione and cysteine had acted as terminators of glutenin polymerisation. Decisive differences between samples without and with NEMI treatment were not obvious showing that the termination of polymerisation was already completed in the flour. The two HGL samples, however, were different in the majority of ten peptides that included disulphide-linked low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols such as glutathione and cysteine with the former being enriched in the non-treated HGL-sample.     

PEG胁迫对不同小麦品种幼苗抗旱生理指标的影响

为给小麦抗旱育种的早期筛选工作提供理论依据,以济麦262(抗旱型)、烟农19(中间型)和临麦2号(水分敏感型)为材料,采用PEG模拟干旱胁迫,探究干旱胁迫对不同小麦品种幼苗生物量、含水量、根系形态特征、抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,PEG胁迫下,三个品种中济麦262的生物量最大,地下部含水量显著高于临麦2号和烟农19;其根系的总长、总投影面积、总面积和总体积最大,且受抑制程度最低;其抗氧化酶活性在一定程度上明显增强,尤其是叶片和根系过氧化物酶、根系超氧化物歧化酶及叶片过氧化氢酶活性增强幅度显著高于临麦2号和烟农19;其叶片光化学荧光淬灭系数(qP)和PSⅡ的实际光化学效率与CK相比均呈下降的趋势,其中qP下降程度最低,荧光非光化学淬灭显著增强且高于其他两个品种。综上所述,在PEG胁迫下抗旱品种的生长受抑制程度最小,清除氧自由基能力较强,光能利用率高。     

抗旱节水型衡麦系列品种的选育方法及系谱分析

为探讨抗旱节水小麦的定向培育方法,对抗旱节水型衡麦系列品种选育过程进行了总结和分析。多年来河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所围绕"节水抗旱、抗逆高产、广适稳产、优质早熟"的育种目标,着眼解决地下水资源极度匮乏与农业生产矛盾突出的问题,为培育抗旱节水型广适小麦品种,利用常规育种技术与分子标记检测手段,广泛筛选遗传背景远缘且生态差异较大的优异亲本组配组合,创新采用不同世代水旱交替双向综合选择技术,先后育成16个抗旱节水型小麦品种,提高了选择效率和水资源利用率。在系谱上,衡观35等为代表的衡麦系列品种与蚂蚱麦、碧玉麦和洛夫林10号存在一定的血缘关系,且含有对光周期不敏感的Ppd-Dla等优异基因。这些品种目前已由冀中南冬麦区推广至黄淮冬麦区(南、北片)、北部冬麦区(天津)和长江中下游冬麦区(湖北襄阳)等区域种植,展示出生态广适、节水稳产的特点。     

土壤水分下限对固定道垄作小麦生长及产量的影响

为确定固定道垄作小麦生长和高产的适宜土壤水分下限,通过田间裂区试验,设置了4个土壤水分下限水平(分别为计划湿润层土壤田间持水量的40%、55%、70%和85%),研究了传统耕作和固定道垄作方式下土壤水分下限对小麦叶面积系数、干物质积累、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,固定道垄作栽培能够明显提高小麦的叶面积指数和促进干物质积累,增加产量和水分利用效率。在土壤水分下限为田间持水量的70%时,固定道垄作栽培的小麦叶面积指数和干物质积累量较大,穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量最大,水分利用效率也较高。综合来看,在河西绿洲灌区,固定道垄作小麦的适宜土壤水分下限为田间持水量的70%。     

小麦TaNIP4-1基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

水通道蛋白不仅控制着水分和一些小分子溶质的跨膜运输,也是植物体应对非生物胁迫的重要组成部分。为了进一步研究小麦水通道蛋白的功能,本研究以NCBI和Ensemble Plant数据库中查找出的已报道的小麦水通道蛋白基因序列为模板,针对其保守区设计了19对引物,应用PCR的方法从5个小麦品种中克隆出19个基因片段。通过比对鉴定到一个此前未曾报道的新基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析,将其命名为TaNIP4-1。理化特性分析表明,该基因位于3A染色体短臂,基因全长1 315bp,CDS序列长度864bp,含有3个外显子和2个内含子,编码含有288个氨基酸的多肽,含有保守的沙漏模型,有6个跨膜区和2个保守的NPA基序。亚细胞定位预测结果表明该基因位于质膜上。该基因启动子序列含有与逆境响应相关的顺式调控元件,而对7日龄的麦苗进行干旱和盐胁迫处理后,其qRT-PCR结果显示,干旱和盐处理5h后,TaNIP4-1基因在小麦叶片中的表达量明显上调;盐处理7d后,TaNIP4-1基因在小麦根部的表达量显著上调。由此可见,TaNIP4-1基因参与了小麦应对逆境的过程。     

小麦白斑突变体I30的特征特性及遗传分析

类病斑突变体是研究植物程序性死亡和抗病性的理想材料。为了丰富小麦斑点突变体的研究,对叠氮化钠诱变小麦品种陕农33产生的稳定遗传的白斑突变体I30进行了特征特性研究和遗传分析。结果表明,突变体I30从三叶期开始表现白色块斑和长条纹。锥虫蓝染色和DAB染色显示,I30斑点处出现细胞死亡和H_2O_2积累现象。透射电子显微镜观察表明,I30的叶绿体形状发生改变,数目减少,基粒垛叠高度无序,部分甚至降解。农艺性状调查结果表明,I30的株高、单株有效穗数、穗粒数、穗长和结实率与野生型间无显著差异,但千粒重、穗粒重、单株产量、旗叶长度和宽度显著低于野生型。遗传分析表明,I30由1对隐性核基因控制。利用BSA+660K基因芯片技术,将该基因定位于小麦6D染色体上,位于SSR分子标记Xcfd190和6DS-5之间,遗传距离分别为6.4cM和9.1cM。