湿地公园小品特色分析——以北京翠湖、北京南海子湿地公园为例

湿地公园小品即指使用于栖息地保护的湿地场所,也能为人类提供某种活动方式,包含科普教育、自然风景观光、休闲散步和观鸟等内容的设施或建筑。它是湿地景观中的一种新的文化类型,其重要作用正日益被人们所认识。笔者从不同尺度评述了北京市翠湖湿地公园、北京市南海子湿地公园2个案例小品的建设情况,分析了湿地公园小品空间布局、空间造型、材质选取、文化体现4个方面的设计,得出了湿地公园小品的特色:空间布局以湿地体验展示区和服务管理区为主;空间造型主要以湿地动植物造型为依托;材质是取之于湿地,用之于湿地;颜色选取为与湿地公园基调颜色相协调的原生木、石色,淡蓝色,绿色等:文化体现多是通过造型来表现。     

建立湿地生态效益补偿制度的必要性及可行性分析

在我国现行法律法规中,生态效益补偿制度还是一个相对薄弱的环节。特别是在湿地生态效益补偿方面,虽然国家政策中涉及到这一问题,但在法律制度上还是一个空白。从建立湿地生态效益补偿制度的原因、理论依据、实践依据等方面进行论述,分析了建立湿地生态效益补偿制度的必要性和可行性。     

Long-term trends of shorebird populations in eastern Australia and impacts of freshwater extraction

Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) and their wetland habitats are under threat worldwide. While data exist for shorebird population trends for many parts of the world, two thirds of Australia’s populations have not been assessed. We report the results of a large-scale aerial shorebird survey, sampling about a third of the Australian continent over a period of 24 years (1983–2006). Migratory shorebirds have declined by 73%, Australian resident shorebirds by 81%. Of the 10 wetlands supporting the highest number of shorebirds within the survey bands, eight were inland wetlands and only two coastal, emphasising the importance of inland wetlands for shorebirds. Wetland area decreased significantly at four of the 10 main sites. Annual rainfall showed no trends (1983–2005) but water extraction was substantial for four of the 10 wetlands, contributing to reduced flooding extent and frequency. Loss of wetlands due to river regulation is a significant contributor to the drastic decline in shorebird numbers in Australia, largely unrecognized in international conservation agreements in Australia.     

小议自然保护区湿地的管理

从2个方面介绍湿地保护区管理的内容及措施。     

Effects of land use changes on winter-active Collembola in Sanjiang Plain of China

Sanjiang Plain is the largest concentrated area of freshwater wetlands in China, however nearly 80% of these freshwater wetlands were drained or reclaimed in the past 50 years. It is important to know whether wetlands reclamation would affect soil invertebrates, especially the winter-active invertebrates. During November 2011 to April 2012, we used pitfall traps and in-field direct observation methods to study the activity of collembolans in wetland, and a reclaimed forest plantation and soybean field. In total, 3465 collembolans were captured and identified to 8 species from 6 families. Desoria sp. 1, Desoria sp. 2 and Desoria sp. 3 were the three dominant species. Collembolan abundance and assemblages were significantly affected by the land use changes. The results showed that (1) Collembola captured by pitfall traps showed a highest abundance in wetland, with ∼50% decreased abundance in soybean field, and ∼75% decreased in the forest plantation. (2) Collembola activity changed during the winter season, their activity significantly increased from early winter to late winter; with a peak in March in all three land use types. (3) Collembola assemblages were affected by land use changes with a significant decrease of frequency of Desoria sp. 3 and a significant increase of frequency of Desoria sp. 2 in soybean field and forest plantation. (4) Collembolan densities on the snow surface usually peaked between 1400 h and 1500 h, and decreased quickly when the temperature dropped below freezing. Mean abundance reached 119 individuals m⁻² on the snow surface in wetland, 152 individuals m⁻² in soybean field, and 64 individuals m⁻² in forest plantation. All collembolans moved up and down through the snow profile depending on temperature, no collembolans were found on the snow surface in the evening. Our study indicated that the reclamation of wetland resulted in a significant decrease of abundance and a different assemblage of winter active Collembola in Northeast China, but land use changes did not change their pattern of activity: Collembolans were rarely active in early and middle winter and mostly active in late winter. Their daily densities on the snow surface fluctuated according to both air temperatures and land use types.     

河南省湿地面积动态变化与保护对策

根据河南省湿地资源监测结果,分析了全省湿地面积动态变化情况和导致湿地退化、萎缩的主要原因,并提出了针对性保护对策。     

郑州黄河湿地野生紫花植物资源调查研究

结合相关文献,对郑州黄河湿地自然保护区的野生紫花植物资源进行实地踏查与整理,结果表明,郑州黄河湿地野生紫花植物资源丰富,共计61种,隶属25科52属。对紫花植物的科属种组成、生活型、花期和园林应用前景及应用方式进行分析,提出加强保护、建立种质资源库,选择性驯化开发,综合评价、确定开发次序等保护开发建议。     

Multistate assessment of wetland restoration on CO2 and N2O emissions and soil bacterial communities

Over the last 200 years, wetlands have been converted to other land uses leading to the loss of approximately 53% of wetlands in the continental United States. In the late 1980's, policies were instated to mitigate further wetland loss through wetland creation and restoration. Restored wetlands provide important ecosystem services, such as filtration of nutrients and wildlife habitat. However, these benefits could be offset by increased greenhouse gas production. We assessed the impact of wetland conversion to agriculture and restoration on CO₂ and N₂O emissions and microbial communities in three land use types: wetlands with native vegetation (natural); wetlands converted to agricultural management (converted); and restored wetlands (restored). Soil properties varied among land use types. Most notably, soils from restored and converted sites had the lowest C and N, and higher pH. Multivariate analysis of soil properties showed the pocosin wetlands in North Carolina separating from all other locations, regardless of land use. Soil bacterial communities showed a similar trend with communities from North Carolina soils separating from the others with no significant effect of land use or season. Furthermore, land use did not have a significant effect on CO₂ or N₂O emissions, although there was significant temporal variation in CO₂ emissions. These findings indicate that while wetland conversion and restoration may alter some soil properties, these alterations do not appear to be great enough to override the underlying geographic and edaphic influences on soil bacterial communities. Furthermore, wetland restoration did not lead to increased N₂O emission at the dates sampled.     

湖南南洲国家湿地公园南茅运河生态柔性护坡设计探讨

针对南洲国家湿地公园南茅运河地质基础，采用生态柔性护坡技术，打造现代生态健康河流。其技术的核心是通过使用高抗拉强度的生态袋，配合正三角工形工程固定扣、粘剂、锚杆等特有的加固法，形成牢固的坡体护坡结构；特点是构造成的边坡造型美观、结构稳定，流水不流土，能够对植物生长提供优良条件。     

亿比措湿地植物地理研究

简述了四川省甘孜州亿比措湿地主要植被组成成分的生活型谱，重点介绍了各植被类型的组成、结构和群落特征，对各植被类型的地理分布规律做了探讨。