世界狩猎业概况

近年来,世界狩猎业发展迅速,各国成立了不同的部门来管理狩猎业。非洲的狩猎业极其发达,狩猎收入在开展狩猎的国家GDP中均占有一定份额,也是野生动物保护资金的主要来源;欧洲的运动狩猎不仅是重要娱乐活动,也被视为文化的传承,其狩猎制度非常完善;美国的狩猎是一项全民化的大众娱乐活动,美国渔和野生动物管理局每5a进行一次全国性的渔猎大调查,以便掌握钓鱼、狩猎及野生动物相关娱乐活动的翔实数据;澳大利亚有着狩猎的传统,当地土著一直就以狩猎作为重要生产方式,现今澳大利亚北部仍旧保留这项传统。而运动狩猎在澳大利亚经过20多年发展,已摸索出其特有的可持续狩猎模式。     

低温和获能对猪精子细胞骨架微管蛋白和肌动蛋白表达量的影响

【目的】探究获能和低温冷冻对猪精子细胞骨架中微管蛋白和肌动蛋白表达量的影响。【方法】利用SDS-PAGE、Western blot技术,分析获能和低温冷冻(-80和-196℃)后猪精子总蛋白质种类以及猪精子细胞骨架微管蛋白和肌动蛋白表达量的变化。【结果】低温处理后,猪精子总蛋白质的种类与新鲜精子相比发生变化,而获能处理后几乎没有差异。低温冷冻导致猪精子细胞骨架微管蛋白和肌动蛋白的表达量较新鲜精子下降,且-196℃冷冻组肌动蛋白的表达量要略高于-80℃冷冻组,但二者微管蛋白的表达量基本没有差异。获能处理后猪精子肌动蛋白表达量略有下降,而微管蛋白表达量基本没有变化。【结论】低温冷冻处理对猪精子总蛋白质的种类以及猪精子细胞骨架微管蛋白和肌动蛋白的表达量有明显影响,而获能处理则影响较小。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒COE基因的原核表达和免疫原性分析

为研究猪流行性腹泻病毒中COE基因的原核表达情况及免疫原性,从感染猪流行性腹泻病毒的猪体内采集肠内容物、肠段及肠系膜淋巴结,参照GenBank中所收录的猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）CV777株的COE基因序列设计1对特异性引物,通过RT-PCR扩增出COE基因,克隆到原核表达载体pET-32α上,并构建重组表达质粒pET-32α-COE,在大肠杆菌Rosetta中进行表达,并进行Western blot检测。结果显示,重组蛋白获得了高效的表达,并能与多抗血清发生特异的免疫印迹反应。COE基因是猪流行性腹泻病毒的中和抗原位点,具有良好的免疫学活性。     

家蚕丝素轻链蛋白多克隆抗体的制备及应用

本研究通过用回收纯化的Fib-L蛋白为抗原免疫家兔,获得多克隆抗体,通过与家蚕大造5龄5d的10个不同组织进行Western blot,结果表明,制备的FbL抗体能识别在后部丝腺特异合成的Fib-L蛋白,表明该抗体有较好的特异性。利用此抗体进行丝腺组织的免疫组化,经抗体的一系列的梯度稀释和条件探索,发现当Fib-L-抗在1：50和荧光二抗1：1000的条件下得到理想的免疫组化结果,在荧光显微镜下观察到了二抗标记的绿色荧光。以上结果显示,本实验成功制得Fib-L蛋白抗体,获得丝腺组织免疫组化的一些重要参考信息,为家蚕丝腺功能基因的研究及细胞定位提供了一定的参考价值。     

浅议甘肃河西地区肉牛选育的必要性和可行性

本文根据甘肃黄牛改良的现状和特点,黄牛改良和选育培育存在的问题,重点就甘肃河西地区开展肉牛选育的必要性和可行性以及如何开展选育、推动技术创新、促进肉牛业可持续发展等问题进行了分析,提出了具体的措施与对策.     

Evaluation of the implementation of new traceability and food safety requirements in the pig industry in eastern Australia

Objectives   To evaluate the implementation and barriers to adoption, among pig producers, of a newly introduced traceability and food safety system in Australia.
Procedure   Implementation of the PigPass national vendor declaration (NVD) linked to an on-farm quality assurance (QA) program was evaluated in May and December 2007 at saleyards and abattoirs in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. Four focus group discussions with saleyard producers were held between April and July 2007.
Results   Implementation of the PigPass system in terms of accurate completion of the form and QA accreditation was higher at the export abattoir than at the regional saleyard at the first audit (P < 0.01). Implementation increased at the second audit at the abattoirs, but little change with time was observed at saleyards. Approximately half of the producers at saleyards used photocopied PigPass forms, made at least one error (>64%), and many vendors did not appear to be QA-accredited. During focus groups, producers expressed the view that PigPass implementation improved animal and product traceability. They identified the associated costs and a perceived lack of support by information providers as obstacles for adoption.
Conclusion   Improvement in the implementation of PigPass among producers marketing pigs at export abattoirs was observed during the 8-month period of the study. There is a need for a more uniform message to producers from government agencies on the importance of the PigPass NVD and QA and extension and education targeted toward producers supplying pigs to saleyards and domestic abattoirs to ensure compliance with the traceability requirements.     

Evaluation of the mineralizable organic nitrogen in soil using an immunological technique

Phosphate buffer-extractable organic nitrogen (PEON), which can be extracted from soil with a 67-mM neutral phosphate buffer solution, is considered to be a major source of mineralizable nitrogen (N) that is ubiquitous in soil. We have developed a Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) method for determining PEON. First, anti-PEON antibody (IgG) from a rabbit was produced using purified PEON from a volcanic ash soil. PEON was detected as a ladder-like staining pattern in the high-molecular-weight region and as a single band under 14 kDa in Western blot analysis using the anti-PEON IgG. In the ELISA assay, the anti-PEON IgG could specifically react with PEON irrespective of soil type and management. Furthermore, the absorbance at 450 nm in ELISA was highly correlated to the concentration of organic N (N_org) in phosphate extracts of different soils. We propose the immune assay using the anti-PEON IgG as a possible novel method for evaluating available N in soil.     

新城疫病毒HN09-69株P基因的克隆、序列分析及表达

【目的】对新城疫病毒(NDV)HN09-69株P基因进行克隆、序列分析和表达鉴定,为研究P和V蛋白的功能,及NDV新流行毒株的免疫预防提供理论依据。【方法】以HN09-69株NDV为研究对象,根据GenBank上发布的相关P基因参考序列设计引物,进行RT-PCR扩增、克隆和序列测定分析,将P基因的核苷酸序列与相关参考株的P基因序列进行比对分析并构建进化树。将P基因克隆到原核表达载体PET28a(+)中,得到重组质粒rPET28a(+)-P,将重组表达质粒转化到BL21（DE3）中诱导表达,用SDS-PAGE电泳和Western blotting检测表达情况。【结果】扩增出了HN09-69株P基因的ORF,序列长度为1 188 bp。NDV HN09-69株核苷酸与弱毒株La Sota、clone-30同源性分别为82.5%和82.4%,与强毒株F48E8同源性为84.9%,与鸭源,鹅源NDV核苷酸同源性分别为97.9%～98.4%和96.0%～98.0%。SDS-PAGE电泳和Western blotting检测结果表明,重组P蛋白分子质量约为54 ku,符合预期结果,在大肠杆菌中主要以可溶性的形式表达。【结论】NDV HN09-69株与SDWF-02和SD-09鸭源强毒分离株同源性高,亲缘关系近。重组P蛋白在大肠杆菌中得到了高效表达。     

Iron oxidation in different types of groundwater of Western Siberia

Background, aim, and scope  The groundwaters of Western Siberia contain high concentrations of iron, manganese, silicon, ammonium, and, in several cases, hydrogen sulfide, carbonic acids, and dissolved organic substances. Generally, the groundwaters of Western Siberia can be divided into two major types: one type with a relatively low concentration of humic substances and high hardness (water of A type) and a second type with a relatively low hardness and high concentration of humic substances (water of B type). For drinking water production, the waters of A type are mostly treated in the classical way by aeration followed by sand bed filtration. The waters of B type often show problems when treated for iron removal. A part of iron practically does not form the flocs or particles suitable for filtration or sedimentation. The aim of this work was to determine the oxidizability of Fe(II), to characterize the iron colloids, and to investigate the complexation of the iron ions with humic substances and the coagulation of the iron colloids in the presence of dissolved organic matter. Materials and methods  Water samples of the A and B types were taken from bore holes in Western Siberia (A type: in Tomsk and Tomsk region, B type: in Beliy Yar and Kargasok). Depth of sampling was about 200 m below surface. The oxidation of the groundwater samples by air oxygen and ozone was done in a bubble reactor consisting of a glass cylinder with a gas-inlet tube. To produce ozone, a compact ozone generator developed by Tomsk Polytechnic University was used. For the characterization of the colloids in the water of B type, the particle size distribution and the zeta potential were measured. To investigate the formation of complexes between iron and humic substances in the water of B type, size exclusion chromatography was used. The coagulation behavior of iron in the presence of dissolved organic substances was investigated at different pH values. The agglomerates were detected by measuring the optical density using a UV-Vis spectrometer. Results  Ozone showed, as expected, a faster oxidation of Fe(II) than air oxygen. The rate constants for Fe(II) oxidation were not much different for the waters of A and B types when the same oxidation process was used. However, the removal of iron after oxidation and filtration was higher in the water of A type than in the water of B type. No evidence for the formation of soluble complexes between iron and humic substances were found. In the water of A type, the coagulation process started at pH = 4.5 and accelerated with increasing pH value. In the water of B type, the coagulation of colloids occurred only at pH = 11 and higher. Discussion  The oxidation experiments indicated no major effect of dissolved organic carbon concentration on the kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation. In contrast to this, the humic substances showed a significant influence on the aggregation behavior of the iron hydroxide colloids. Due to the sorption of humic substances on the iron hydroxide colloids, they were highly stable in the pH range between 4.5 and 10. The particle size measurements confirmed the presence of small colloids in the water of B type. In contrast to this, the iron hydroxide colloids aggregated rapidly at pH = 11. Conclusions  The results showed a great influence of humic substances on the iron removal from groundwaters of Western Siberia with high organic content. The sorption of humic substances on the iron colloids does not obviously allow their coagulation and formation of flocs suitable for filtration or sedimentation. Recommendations and perspectives  By treatment of groundwaters containing high amounts of humic substances, some problems with the removal of iron are likely to occur. To increase the effectiveness of iron removal, the surface coating and pH-dependent charge effects should be taken into account by the selection and optimization of water treatment processes. The iron colloids coated by humic substances should be separated from the water phase by membrane filtration or by flocculation followed by filtration through different solid materials.     

铁蟹过敏原的分离、鉴定和快速纯化

应用免疫印迹(Western blot) 的方法鉴定铁蟹过敏原组分,然后利用电泳洗脱的方法快速纯化主要过敏原。取磷酸盐缓冲液制备的铁蟹肉浸出液,经十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分离,测定各组分的相对分子量,然后利用18 例蟹过敏患者的血清进行免疫印迹,鉴定出主要和次要过敏原,利用普通垂直电泳槽快速洗脱主要过敏原蛋白,并鉴定活性。结果显示,SDS-PAGE显示铁蟹肉可辨条带有16条,相对分子质量在16.5～168 kD 之间。Western blotting结果表明,铁蟹肉浸出液共有10条过敏条带,其中相对分子质量为76kD的蛋白条带,阳性反应率为100%,纯化后获取了76 kD的主要过敏原,经过免疫印迹鉴定其具有免疫活性。表明相对分子质量76 kD的组分为铁蟹主要过敏组分,快速电洗脱可以纯化相对分子量为76kD的过敏原组分。