玉米淀粉生产中工艺水的综合利用

在介绍玉米淀粉生产工艺流程的基础上,进一步对工艺过程中的水资源利用问题进行探讨。在玉米淀粉的生产过程中,采用水环流工艺可以实现水资源的可持续利用,以提高玉米中淀粉的回收率和商品淀粉的质量。     

黄腐酸对油菜生理和产量的影响

在开花期，用０、５０、１００和２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ黄腐酸溶液喷洒白菜型油菜（ＢｒａｓｓｉｃａＣａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ），结果表明，黄腐酸能提高叶绿素含量，降低叶片电导率，提高叶片相对含水量，降低其水分饱和亏缺，从而增强了油菜抗旱能力．喷洒黄腐酸还显著提高油菜的干物质积累量和籽粒产量。     

生物菌肥和钾肥配施对苹果钾素吸收及果实品质的影响

为了研究生物菌肥和钾肥对苹果果实品质及生长发育的协同作用,以7 a生'瓦里短枝'(Vallee spur Del)为研究对象,设置T1(K2O 420 kg·hm-2)、T2(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2)、T3(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2+K2O 294 kg·hm-2)、T4(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm...     

陕西黄土高原中南部土壤CO2释放量变化研究

本文根据 NaOH溶液吸收CO_2的方法 ,对陕西黄土高原中南部4个观测点的土壤CO_2释放量时行了昼夜观测。观测结果表明 ,不同地区、不同气候和不同土质土壤CO_2释放量存在差异 ,冷干地区较暖湿地区土壤CO_2释放量少,凉季较暖季土壤CO_2释放量少;粘性硬质土较松散黄土CO_2 释放量少。长武、洛川、西安南郊土壤CO_2释放量变化再次证明 ,在厚层黄土发育的地区 ,土壤CO_2释放量变化相对于大气温度变化具有滞后性,从当日早晨至次日早晨,CO_2释放量具有由低变高再变低的普遍规律。     

农田沙漠化演变中土壤质量的生物学特性变化

通过研究处于沙漠化过程中的科尔沁沙地旱作农田土壤酶活性与基础土壤呼吸活性，分析了土壤质量生物学特性的沙漠化演变。结果表明，土壤酶活性与基础土壤呼吸对沙漠过程中环境的变化反应敏感，随着沙漠化程度增加，与土壤物理化学肥力因素有关的过氧化氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性和土壤呼吸活性随之下降。土壤酶活性和呼吸活性与土壤有机质和养分有极显著的相关，在一定程度上可以用酶活性和呼吸强度表征有机质和养分的状况及其数量的变异，因此，可以作为农田沙漠化演变中土壤质量特征变化的重要辅助指标。     

Occurrence in Italy and characteristics of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) resistant to phenylamide fungicides

Control of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) with phenylamide fungicides has failed in some intensive lettuce-producing areas in Northern Italy since Spring 1993. Before then, these chemicals and particularly metalaxyl, provided the best disease control. The sensitivity of Bremia lactucae isolates collected in such areas to metalaxyl was evaluated in the laboratory. These strains grew and sporulated profusely on lettuce seedlings treated with 100 and 200 ppm of metalaxyl, whereas sensitive control strains were completely inhibited when treated with fungicide concentrations ranging from 0.5–1 ppm. Thus in Italy occurrence of resistance to phenylamide fungicides in Bremia lactucae has also been demonstrated, as in almost all the countries where these chemicals were previously authorised. Subsequently, a demonstration of occurrence of resistance was made and the virulence pattern of several strains (resistant and sensitive to metalaxyl) was characterised using differential NL series containing the 13 DM resistant genes or R factors. The results suggest the occurrence of a new pathotype in Italy different from all the 16 NL Bremia lactucae races studied.     

Effect of bulk density and soil water tension on denitrification in the rhizosphere of spring wheat (Triticum vulgare

Summary Pot experiments were carried out to study the influence of bulk density (D _b), soil water tension (pF) and presence of plants (spring wheat) on denitrification in a low-humus B_t-horizon of a udalf. Pots of only 5-cm depth were found to be most suitable for the experiments when using the acetylene inhibition method. Almost homogeneous soil compaction between 1.1 and 1.6g soil cm^–3 was achieved by a Proctor tamper. Water tensions were adjusted by means of ceramic plates on which negative pressure was applied. No denitrification was detected in unplanted pots. With planted pots and increasing bulk density denitrification increased more in pots with 14-day-old plants than in pots with 7-day-old plants. With 14-day-old plants N₂O emission pot^–1 increased steadily from 2 mol at D _b 1.1 to 8 mol at D _b 1.6, when soil moisture was adjusted to pF 1.5, although root growth was impaired by higher bulk density. From an experiment with different bulk densities and water tensions it could be deduced that the air-filled porosity ultimately determined the rate of denitrification. When low water tension was applied for a longer period, water tension had an overriding effect on total denitrification. Denitrification intensity, however, i.e. the amount of N₂O g^–1 root fresh weight, was highest when low water tension was accompanied by high bulk density. The results suggest that the increase in denitrification intensity at oxygen stress is partly due to higher root exudation.     

Influence of temperature on the growth of bermudagrass selections from the Appalachian region

Abstract

The hilly terrain of the Appalachian region creates an environment in which large differences in soil temperature occur over a very short distance on the landscape. The ability of a grass to display adequate growth over a range of temperatures would greatly enhance its adaptability and use as a forage or for soil conservation. A growth chamber experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of temperature on the growth of six bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] selections from the Appalachian region. Midland, a cold tolerant bermudagrass, was included in the study for comparison purposes. The grasses were grown under a 14 hour day length with three day/night temperature regimes: 18°C/13°C, 27°C/21°C, and 35^OC/29°C. Two of the selections had significantly higher dry matter production than Midland over the range of temperatures.

This effect was especially pronounced at 35°C where the top growth of Quicksand common and Selection 13 exceeded that of Midland by 206% and 158%, respectively. The higher yielding selections were comparable to the other bermudagrasses when mineral concentrations, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin levels were considered. Both Quicksand common and Selection 13 seem to have the potential to be particularily useful on south facing slopes where elevated soil temperatures are encountered.     

氨基酸添加方式和营养液杀菌方式对生菜产量与品质的影响

研究了生菜水培过程中,用混合氨基酸替代20％硝态氮时,不同的氨基酸添加方式和营养液的杀菌方式对生菜产量和品质的影响。试验于生菜采收前12 d开始进行,试验设置4个处理:A．替代氨基酸1次全部加入;B．每3 d添加氨基酸替代总量的1／4,共添加4次;C．氨基酸分次添加(添加方式同B处理),每次添加前营养液通臭氧0．5 h杀菌; D．氨基酸分次添加(添加方式同B处理),每次添加前把营养液加热到60-70℃保持10 min进行杀菌,然后迅速把营养液温度降低到常温。结果表明,在不杀菌的情况下,1次添加的产量和品质优于分次添加,但在降低硝酸盐含量方面,分次添加优于1次添加;在分次添加的情况下,杀菌与不杀菌相比,杀菌可以明显提高生菜的产量和品质,加热杀菌对生菜产量和品质的影响优于臭氧杀菌,臭氧杀菌处理的生菜根系活力、叶绿素等指标高于加热杀菌,但2种杀菌方式之间差异不大。     

新疆大蒜叶疫病的研究:Ⅱ病菌越冬致病性病害流行因素及防治

 试验结果表明,本菌(Stemphylium vesicarium(Wallr.) Simons)以病残体上分生孢子和菌丝体在田间和冷藏室越冬,9月至翌年6月检查,分生孢子萌发率为16.4~41.3%。人工接种试验指出,不论有无伤口,病菌均可侵染大蒜,但洋葱与大葱在伤口接种条件下病情较重。在自然条件下,大蒜的斑点型病状出现于6月下旬,7月为病情高峰期。影响病情的天气因素,主要是7月份温度和7月中旬的降水量(r=0.69)。如果7月雨次多、雨时长,病情即极为严重,可导致蒜田绝收。化学防治试验结果,以腐霉利防效最佳。从7月上旬开始,每间隔10~13天喷药1次。喷药2~3次即可取得较好的防治效果。