农业绿色高效节水领域研究现状与思考

节水农业是水资源高效利用和农业可持续发展的重大问题，对于节约水资源具有极其重要的意义。为了解当前绿色农业高效节水领域的最新研究热点和发展趋势，本文梳理总结了我国现代化节水农业领域的基础背景、研究现状以及发展态势。结果表明，“灌溉设备与技术开发”、“农业用水精量调配与控制”、“作物高效用水机理”及“农业用水对环境变化的响应”等是近年来的研究热点，并建议开展水肥一体化智能技术与管理及其对作物、土壤、环境、社会等综合效应等的相关研究，以期为我国农业绿色高质量发展提供帮助。     

Hydro-physical responses of gypseous and non-gypseous soils to livestock grazing in a semi-arid region of NE Spain

Pasture productivity depends on soil hydro-physical properties, which in turn are deeply affected by livestock grazing. However, the comparative response of different soil types, and particularly gypseous soil types, to grazing has hardly been studied before. This paper compares the effect of grazing on the soil hydro-physical properties of silty gypseous (Gy) and non-gypseous (NGy) soils located in a semi-arid region (Middle Ebro Valley, NE, Spain). Two different soil managements were selected: ungrazed natural shrubland (N) and grazed shrubland (GR) soils. The gypsum, CaCO₃ and organic matter content (OM), soil texture, soil bulk density (ρ_b), penetration resistance (PR), saturated sorptivity (S), hydraulic conductivity (K), and the water retention curve (WRC) for undisturbed soil samples from 1 to 10 cm depth soil layer were measured. The ρ_b and PR in NGy soils were significantly higher than those observed in the Gy ones. Soil compaction due to grazing treatment tended to increase ρ_b and decrease the K and S values. While no differences in PR were observed in the Gy soils between grazing treatments, the PR measured in the NGy soils under GR was significantly higher than the corresponding values observed under N. Differences in K and S between GR and N treatments were only significant (p < 0.05) in NGy soils, where K and S values under the N treatment were almost four times greater than the corresponding values measured under GR. Overall, no differences in the WRCs were observed between soil types and grazing treatments. While the WRCs of NGy soils were not significantly affected by the grazing treatment, Gy soils under N treatment present a significantly higher level of soil macropores than under GR treatment. The hydro-physical features of Gy soils tended to be less affected by grazing than those of the NGy soils. These results suggest that livestock grazing, in both Gy and NGy soils, has a negative effect on the physical soil properties, which should be taken into account by land managers of these semi-arid regions where silty gypseous and non-gypseous areas coexist.     

种植密度和灌溉量对西辽河平原春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

在内蒙古通辽市辽河镇浅埋滴灌水肥一体化条件下,以DK159为研究对象,设置6.0万株/hm²(D1,CK,农民常规种植密度)和9.0万株/hm²(D2)两种种植密度处理和45 mm(I₄₅)、90 mm(I₉₀)、180 mm(I₁₈₀)、270 mm(I₂₇₀)、360 mm(I₃₆₀)、450 mm(I₄₅₀,CK,农民常规灌溉量)6个灌溉量水平,研究种植密度和灌溉量对玉米产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,9.0万株/hm²密度下在360 mm的灌溉量下获得最高产量和较高的WUE;6.0万株/hm²密度下在270 mm的灌溉量下获得最高产量和较高WUE。与传统生产方式(D1-I₄₅₀处理)相比,D1-I₂₇₀处理的产量无显著降低,灌溉量降低40.0%,蒸散量减少19.7%,WUE提高25.1%;D2-I     

秸秆覆盖及播种方式对马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响

为明确西北旱作雨养农业区不同秸秆带状覆盖种植模式下马铃薯耗水规律、水分利用效率及产量的变化规律,以地膜覆盖和露地种植(CK)为对照,设置4种秸秆带状覆盖模式(①种植带和覆盖带各40 cm、单行播种,②种植带和覆盖带各40cm、双行播种,③种植带和覆盖带各50cm、单行播种,④种植带和覆盖带各50 cm、双行播种),研究不同秸秆带状覆盖模式对旱地马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆带状覆盖处理与CK相比,马铃薯薯块产量和水分利用效率平均分别显著提高34.0%、21.5%,分别平均较地膜覆盖显著降低31.3%、25.0%;其中40 cm覆盖种植结构产量和水分利用效率较50 cm覆盖种植结构分别明显提高4.5%和6.8%,双行播种较单行播种增产4.4%,二者水分利用效率无明显差异。秸秆带状覆盖条件下,播种—现蕾阶段的耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数平均较CK显著降低14.5%、15.2%、15.4%,平均较地膜覆盖显著增加20.9%、19.0%、31.5%;与CK相比,现蕾—块茎膨大阶段耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数无显著性差异,相比于地膜覆盖,则分别平均显著减少20.7%、22.2%、13.9%;块茎膨大—成熟阶段分别平均较CK显著提高51.7%、52.4%、50.0%。同时,相比于CK,单薯重、商品薯率分别显著提高17.3%、31.8%,单株结薯数和小薯率降低7.5%、17.6%。可见,秸秆带状覆盖栽培可通过降低现蕾前的耗水和增加块茎膨大后的耗水,一定程度上缓解马铃薯植株后期对水分的需求,延长块茎膨大后植株光合作用,提高有机物的积累量,从而提高薯块产量和水分利用效率。而秸秆带状覆盖中,单行种植以种植带∶覆盖带=40 cm︰40 cm最好,双行种植以种植带︰覆盖带=50 cm︰50 cm较适宜。     

水分胁迫对牡丹光合和荧光特性的影响(英文)

[Objective] Study on the photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics in peony under water stress. [Method] The two peony varieties Huhong and Luoyanghong were treated by different water stress for determining the photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics. [Result] With the aggravation of water stress,the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased,while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) increased. Drought could decrease Pn,constrain gas exchange and change the daily photosynthesis. Fo of peony leaf increased and Fv/Fm decreased under water stress especially water logging,causing the inactivation of the PS II reaction center,and the chlorophyll fluorescence characters gradually recovered until afternoon. [Conclusion] The 75% soil relative water content (SRWC) is the best condition for growth of peony. Compared with drought,water logging is more unfit for the growth of peony. For the two varieties,Huhong assumed more tolerance to drought,accordingly more adaptability.     

射水抽气器最大吸气流量

为确定抽气器的工作范围,分析了单通道长喉管射水抽气器(即液气射流泵)在被吸气体为常压情况下最大吸气能力,认为喉管内液气两相混合的位置和流动状态是影响最大吸气流量的重要因素,喉管内发生两相临界流是有相变时抽气器的一种极限工况。采用一维流动公式计算了正常情况下最大吸气流量,试验数据说明在合理的抽气器尺寸情况下计算值与试验值一致。     

蜜蜂与生态平衡

蜜蜂作为生态系统中的重要成员,其传粉作用是其他生物无法替代的.众多研究证明蜜蜂对生物多样性的促进和生态平衡的维持具有重要意义.人们在生态系统的恢复、珍稀植物的保护以及高原荒漠地区的开发利用等工作中也越来越多地关注蜜蜂的作用.从蜜蜂在生态系统中的地位以及蜜蜂在生态农业建设中的作用两个方面阐述了蜜蜂在维持生态平衡中的重要性.     

野云沟万亩自压喷灌工程供水成本及水费标准的分析

本文利用工程实际资料,对万亩自压喷灌工程供水成本及水费标准进行了分析讨论。并提出现阶段水费计收标准以及加强工程经营管理、降低供水成本、提高喷灌效益的初步意见。     

炬荣复合微生物肥料在蕹菜上的应用研究

院本实验通过在蕹菜上喷施炬荣复合微生物肥料,探讨了其对蕹菜产量、效益的影响。结果表明：喷施复合微生物肥料、减量施肥处理的蕹菜表现最好,产量比常规施肥和空白对照分别增加13.3%和31.3%,每667m2分别增收919.54元和1881.38元。     

水分胁迫对苹果梨叶片活性氧代谢的影响

研究了水分胁迫对苹果梨叶片SOD、MDA含量的影响。结果表明,田间苹果梨叶片SOD含量先增后减,覆草一直呈现平稳上升趋势,且低于其他3个处理;水分胁迫使其MDA含量增加,增加幅度为干旱>浇水>覆草。盆栽苹果梨水分胁迫使叶片SOD含量先增后减,增加幅度为重度胁迫>中度胁迫>轻度胁迫,重度胁迫处理的SOD含量后期比对照低;MDA含量增加,增加幅度为重度胁迫>中度胁迫>轻度胁迫;短期恢复灌水后,重度胁迫恢复慢甚至很难恢复。