夏季水分管理对梨橙果实发育和产量品质的影响

干旱缺水是导致果园低产、低效的主要原因之一。重庆三峡库区降水丰沛,但水资源在时空上分布很不均匀,许多坡地果园水源紧缺,季节性干旱十分突出。2002年7月至2006年1月,通过用叶片水分亏缺与果实膨大相关性的研究以及水分管理模式,对柑橘生长和发育的影响进行试验研究,总结出了一套适合坡地柑橘园的水分管理模式。     

水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿叶水势、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的影响

采用盆栽水分试验,研究了不同土壤水分条件下紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)叶水势、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的变化规律及相互关系,以期揭示其对土壤水分胁迫的气孔响应机制。结果表明:苜蓿叶水势、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)均随水分胁迫加剧而降低,三者日变化均呈双峰曲线特征,日平均值表现为充分供水>轻度胁迫>中度胁迫>重度胁迫。最低叶水势随土壤水分降低而降低;在中度和重度胁迫下,叶水势和蒸腾速率日变化峰值出现的时间提前,当叶水势为-4.68 MPa或T_r为3.27 g·m^-2·h^-1时,气孔开始关闭;在充分供水和轻度胁迫下,T_r越高,叶水势越低,且G_s随着T_r增加而增加。叶水势的变化除受土壤水分影响外,还与叶片生长发育密切相关。     

Integrated management of sensitive catchment systems

Until recently, ‘land use’ was regarded as a single function: in rural areas of the UK this simply meant ‘farming’ or, in the uplands, ‘forestry’. However, there is now growing recognition of the multiple use of land, and farming or forestry must compete with other functions, in particular water supply. Links between hydrological pathways and stream water quality are described as a context for understanding the transport of pollutants to the river system. The concept of landscape sensitivity is then described and applied to the topics of soil erosion and nitrate leaching. Based on these analyses, guidelines for integrated management of sensitive catchment systems are proposed.     

Comparison of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions during the fattening of pigs, kept either on fully slatted floor or on deep litter

Five successive batches of fattening pigs were raised, each during a four month period, on a totally concrete slatted floor in one experimental room and on straw based deep litter in another. The rooms were automatically ventilated to maintain a constant ambient temperature. Available floor space was of 0.75 m² per pig kept on the slatted floor and 1.20 m² per pig kept on the deep litter. With this last system, about 46 kg of straw were supplied per pig throughout a fattening period. The slurry pit was emptied and the litter removed after each batch. Once a month, the emissions of ammonia (NH₃), nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water vapour (H₂O) were measured continuously for 6 consecutive days by infra-red photoacoustic detection.The performance of the animals was not significantly different according to the floor type.Gaseous emissions from pigs raised on the slatted floor and on the deep litter were, respectively, 6.2 and 13.1 g per pig per day for NH₃, 0.54 and 1.11 g per pig per day for N₂O, 16.3 and 16.0 g per pig per day for CH₄, 1.74 and 1.97 kg per pig per day for CO₂ and 2.48 and 3.70 kg per pig per day for H₂O. Except for the CH₄ emissions, all the differences were significant (P < 0.001). Thus, pig fattening on deep litter releases nearly 20% more greenhouse gases than on slatted floor, with 2.64 and 2.24 kg of CO₂-equivalents, respectively (P < 0.001). Whatever the floor type, emissions increased from the beginning to the end of the fattening periods by about 5 times for NH₃, 4 times for N₂O, 3 times for CH₄ and 2 times for CO₂ and H₂O. Correlation coefficients between CO₂-emissions and H₂O, NH₃ and CH₄ emissions were, on average for both floor types, 0.82, 0.77 and 0.74, respectively.Although rearing pigs on straw generally has a good brand image for the consumer, this rearing system produces more pollutant gases than keeping pigs on slatted floors.     

苹果开心形树冠不同部位光合与蒸腾能力的研究

 以18年生开心形富士苹果(Malus pumila Mill. ‘Red Fuji’) 为试材, 定点测定了冠层不同部位晴天时的光照分布、气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率。结果表明, 树冠外围的光照强度、单叶光合能力比较高, 内膛、中部和外围叶片最大光合速率分别为13.46、14.69和15.98μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}。气孔导度、光合速率和水分利用效率的日变化呈双峰曲线, 而蒸腾速率呈单峰曲线, 在中午外围叶片的蒸腾速率略有降低。内膛、中部和外围叶片在晴天的平均光合速率分别为4.53、6.63和6.54μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1} , 平均蒸腾速率分别为3.36、4.06和4.40μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}。这说明苹果在冠层不同部位的光合与蒸腾能力存在一定的差别, 冠层中部的光合速率和水分利用效率最大, 外围的蒸腾能力最强, 内膛最差。     

发动机冷却水泵及试验装置的研究

介绍用于发动机冷却水泵的试验装置。该装置的特点是调速范围大，工作介质温度高，可以同时对泵轴进行径向和轴向加载，通过对ＩＶＥＣＯ公司生产的８１４０发动机冷却系统的试验，研究了介质温度对泵的相似定律和性能的影响。     

区域间水权初始配置的流程——以塔里木河流域为例

以塔里木河流域为例,探讨了区域之间的水权配置流程,主要包括水权配置的准备、配置草案的拟定和配置方案的确定3个子程序。配置流程强调透明性、民主性和互动性。民主协商和公众参与有助于配置过程的顺利进行和配置结果的贯彻落实。     

温室生态餐厅水景观营建初探

水景观是中国园林景观的瑰宝。将水文化元素巧妙地融入温室生态餐厅中,实现了人与餐厅的和谐共处。通过对国内数家生态餐厅的初步调查和研究,分析了生态餐厅的就餐环境,提出了水景观在餐厅中的营建方法。     

土壤-植被系统演变对生物防沙工程的影响

包兰铁路横穿腾格里沙漠的沙坡头段 ,全长近 5 0km ,这里年降水量 186mm ,流动沙丘相对高度 2 0m以上 ,以 4m·a- 1 的速度向东南方向移动。无灌溉条件下、工程措施与生物措施相结合的防沙固沙工程体系始建于195 6年 ,近半个世纪以来该体系确保了包兰铁路的畅通无阻 ,累计经济效益逾百亿人民币。虽然当初的建设者充分考虑了耐旱的乡土树种、有效的工程固沙系统 ,但很难想到几十年后的土壤 -植被系统的演变会危及整个防护体系的稳定性。植被在从人工系统向自然系统的演变中经历了覆盖度从增加到减少的自疏过程、从灌木到半灌木到草本的变化 ,其降低风速和防风的功能减弱 ;土壤从流动风沙土发育成钙积旱成土 ,地表生物结皮发育 ,增加了表土的抗风蚀的能力 ;土壤 -植被系统的演变使得降水在生态系统中的再分配过程已经彻底改变 ,并由于防护林体系配置不完善 ,在 5 0～ 5 0 0cm的土层深度一个生物成因的干旱层逐渐形成 ,新的水分平衡格局明显威胁到现有的防风固沙体系。