Transferring water from irrigation to higher valued uses: a case study of the Zhanghe irrigation system in China

The Zhanghe irrigation system (ZIS) is located in the Yangtze River Basin approximately 200 km west of Wuhan in Hubei Province. The reservoir was designed for multiple uses—irrigation, flood control, domestic water supply, industrial use, aquaculture, and hydropower. Over a period of more than 30 years a steadily increasing amount of water has been transferred from irrigation to other uses. Activities on the part of government, irrigation system managers, and farmers made this transfer possible with only modest decline in rice production. Most important factor was the steady increase in rice yields. The water pricing system provided an incentive for ZIS to reduce irrigation releases. With the steady decline in releases, farmers were forced to find ways to save water. Farmers improved existing ponds and built new ones to store water (improved infrastructure). Access to pond water on demand facilitated the adoption of alternate wetting and drying (technology) particularly in dry years. The establishment of volumetric pricing (price policy) and water user associations (institutions) may also have provided incentives for adoption of AWD, but more research is needed to establish their impact. These activities taken together can be seen as potentially complementary measures. Farmers received no direct compensation for the transfer of water, but recently farm taxes have been reduced or altogether abolished. Further reduction in water releases from the ZIS reservoir could adversely affect rice production in normal or dry years.     

绿洲灌区垄作沟灌啤酒大麦的产量及节水效应研究

为了提高绿洲灌区的水资源利用效率,研究了啤酒大麦垄作沟灌栽培的产量效应及节水效果。结果表明,垄作栽培方式有较好的增产、节水、增温效应,与平作栽培相比,4、5月份5cm土层的温度分别提高1.27℃和1.39℃,垄作沟灌栽培啤酒大麦田间长势优于平作栽培,对土壤水分的消耗相对增大,水分对产量的贡献率提高,增产节水效果显著。在相同的灌溉定额下,垄作沟灌较平作栽培啤酒大麦千粒重增加2.10～5.37g,穗粒数增加0.7～7.2粒,产量增加480.5～1 983.6kg.hm-2,增幅6.86%～55.05%,水分利用效率提高5.18%～35.40%,节水1 500m3.hm-2,节水增产效果显著。     

风沙半干旱区春玉米水肥耦合产量效应研究初报

采用312-D最优饱和设计,开展了春玉米水肥耦合作用田间试验研究。结果表明,在试验年施氮量对产量影响最大,灌溉量次之,施磷量最小。两因子耦合的产量效应类型不同,氮与磷耦合以及磷与水耦合为相互替代作用,而氮与水耦合为相互促进作用,且耦合作用效应大小顺序为氮与磷耦合>磷与水耦合>氮与水耦合。获得最高产量9374.0kg/hm2的施氮量为281.7kg/hm2、施磷量为127.1kg/hm2、灌溉量为75.2mm。获得最高利润6023.5元/hm2的施氮量为211.2kg/hm2、施磷量为110.5kg/hm2、灌溉量为24.1mm。     

不同施氮方式对夏玉米产量、氮素吸收与利用的影响

大田条件下以不施氮处理为对照(CK),设置农民传统施肥(FP)、水肥一体化(WF)以及水肥一体化减氮20%(WF-N)4种水氮管理模式,研究氮肥用量及施氮方式对玉米产量形成、氮素吸收及其利用效率的影响。结果表明,同等施氮量下,与FP处理相比,WF处理的子粒产量、穗粒数、千粒重和完熟期植株干物质积累量分别增加9.57%、7.45%、2.41%和9.14%;完熟期植株氮素积累量增加8.77%,氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)、氮肥农学效率(AEN)、氮肥利用率(NUE)分别增加9.57%、45.28%、28.65%。减氮20%条件下,水肥一体化施氮处理的玉米产量及产量构成、完熟期植株干物质积累量与FP处理间无显著差异,其PFPN、AEN、NUE较FP处理分别增加24.34%、21.87%和21.38%。     

播期对秸秆带状覆盖下冬小麦干物质积累、产量及水分利用效率的影响

为明确半干旱雨养区玉米秸秆带状覆盖条件下播种时间对小麦产量和水分利用效率可能带来的影响,在甘肃省通渭县常河镇甘肃农业大学旱作小麦试验基地设7个播期处理,分别为9月14日(T1)、9月19日(T2)、9月24日(T3)、9月29日(T4)、10月4日(T5)、10月9日(T6),以9月24日露地种植为对照(CK),研究了播期对冬小麦生育期、干物质积累及产量等性状的影响。结果表明,T2处理的产量和WUE最高,穗粒数和千粒重也显著高于其他处理。推迟播期缩短了冬小麦全生育其天数,各生育阶段天数抽穗前大于抽穗后;播期对植株干物质积累的影响表现为营养生长期大于生殖生长期,花前干物质向籽粒的转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率随播期推迟呈增加的趋势。综合来看,在半干旱雨养区玉米秸秆带状覆盖条件下9月19日是冬小麦最佳播期。     

裸燕麦不同生育时期对干旱胁迫后复水的响应

为给裸燕麦(Avena nuda L.)高效节水生产提供理论和技术支持,在温室盆栽条件下,研究了裸燕麦持续性干旱胁迫后不同生育时期复水的生理响应。结果表明,拔节-抽穗期内复水较正常供水处理显著(P<0.05)提高株高6.57%～7.67%,其他时期复水株高与正常供水处理差异不显著(P>0.05);拔节-孕穗期和抽穗-灌浆期内复水,裸燕麦功能叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Ci)、胞间CO2浓度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)等光合参数均表现出补偿或超补偿效应,灌浆期后复水无法恢复叶片正常光合能力;拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和灌浆期复水,较持续干旱胁迫处理显著提高裸燕麦籽粒产量,产量增幅分别为14.29%、152.38%、66.67%和32.80%;孕穗-灌浆期复水有利于提高灌溉水利用效率。说明裸燕麦持续干旱胁迫后孕穗期和抽穗期复水对植株生长、功能叶片光合能力和产量的补偿效应明显,有利于灌溉水高效利用。     

灌水时期和数量对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响

为确定高产麦田的适宜灌水时期和数量,在池栽试验条件下,选用中筋小麦品种泰山23,研究了灌水时期和灌水量对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响.结果表明:(1)灌底墒水60 mm和拔节中期水30 mm的W1处理籽粒产量和水分利用效率较高,分别为7 727.10 kg·ha-1和18.69 kg·ha-1·mm-1,灌溉水利用效率最高.灌底墒水、拔节后期水和灌浆期水各60 mm的W5处理的籽粒产量最高,为8 494.50 kg·ha-1;水分利用效率与W1处理无显著差异.(2)W1处理和W5处理的总耗水量分别为413.46和464.91 mm;灌溉量、降水量、土壤贮水耗水量分别占总耗水量的比例为21.77%、41.43%、36.80%和38.72%、36.85%、24.44%,W1处理提高了对降水和土壤贮水的利用比例,而W5处理提高了对灌溉水的利用比例.(3)W1处理全生育期0～200 cm土层的土壤贮水消耗量最高,为152.16 mm,并且深层100～180 cm各土层的土壤贮水消耗量均显著高于其他处理,而W5处理全生育期0～200 cm土层的土壤贮水消耗量最低,为113.61 mm.     

Grain number and grain weight in wheat lines contrasting for stem water soluble carbohydrate concentration

In wheat, the ability to store and remobilise large amounts of stem water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) to grain constitutes a desirable trait to incorporate into germplasm targeted to regions with frequent terminal drought. The main aim of this paper was to examine the relationships between WSC storage, grain number and grain weight across several environments. A small set of recombinant inbred lines (2–4) contrasting in stem WSC were grown in six field trials where water availability, sowing date and/or N level were manipulated, with line yields ranging from 400 to 850 g m⁻² across experiments. Biomass, N and WSC concentration (WSCc, mg g⁻¹ dry weight) and amount (WSCa, g m⁻²) were monitored. A resource-oriented area-based model [Fischer, R.A., 1984. Growth and yield of wheat. In: Smith, W.H., Bante, S.J. (Eds.), Potential Productivity of Field Crops Under Different Environments. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 129–154] and intrinsic rates of organ growth were used to investigate the consequences on grain number of potential competition between spike and stem around flowering.     

灌水对黄淮海冬小麦叶片光合特性的影响

为了解灌水对黄淮海地区冬小麦光合特性的影响,以周麦18、豫农202、豫麦49、郑麦366、矮抗58等5个黄淮海主栽冬小麦品种为材料,比较和分析了越冬水、越冬水+拔节水、越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水3个不同灌水处理下冬小麦开花后叶面积指数、旗叶叶绿素含量、光合参数及水分利用效率的特点。结果表明,随灌水次数减少,小麦灌浆期叶片光合功能衰退加快,叶面积指数和叶绿素含量下降,旗叶净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率减小,胞间二氧化碳浓度增加,光合作用受非气孔因素的限制增大,同时叶片水分利用效率增加。在不同灌水条件下,矮抗58和郑麦366叶片水分利用效率均较高,而周麦18、豫麦49和豫农202叶片水分利用效率均较低。     

基于水资源循环经济理念的新疆生态环境可持续发展初探

借鉴循环经济的理念,在丰富和发展水资源循环经济4R原则与内涵的基础上,初步探讨实现新疆生态环境可持续发展的必要途径。