Transmission of the Chromosome 1 R in Winter Wheat Germplasm Aimengniu and Its Derivatives Revealed by Molecular Markers

In order to clarify the transmission of the rye chromosome 1R in winter wheat germplasm Aimengniu and its derivatives, 17 derivatives and 7 types of Aimengniu were examined through molecular-marker technology. The results showed that the chromosome arm 1RS of Neuzucht was transmitted to 5 of the 7 types of Aimengniu, i.e., Aimengniu Ⅱ and Aimengniu Ⅳ-Aimengniu VII, no segment of t RS was identified in Aimengniu Ⅰ or Aimengniu Ⅲ. As for the 17 derivatives, the 1RS chromosome arm of Aimengniu was transmitted to 11 derivatives, part segments of 1RS were found in 1 derivative, while no segment was found in the remaining 5 ones. The results provided the evidence that molecular-marker technology was an efficient approach and suitable for analysis of the transmission of chromosome 1R.     

不同代际传递方式对稻农有机肥施用意愿的影响

在我国以“家庭关系”为核心的传统农耕文化大背景下,稻农对有机肥的施用意愿是否受家庭内部代际传递因素的影响?既有研究尚未给出相应的证据。鉴于此,利用在湖北省实地调查获得的563份有效微观数据,运用二元Logistic模型,重点分析了互动性代际传递与示范性代际传递对稻农有机肥施用意愿的影响。研究发现：1）样本农户中,52.93%的稻农愿意施用有机肥;2）互动性传递程度每提升1个层次,稻农愿意施用有机肥的概率会下降10.10%,而示范型传递程度每提升1个层次,稻农愿意施用有机肥的概率会提升20.64%;同时,示范性传递对稻农有机肥施用意愿的影响会随互动性传递影响程度的下降而显著增强;3）互动性传递、示范型传递及其交互项是影响中青年组稻农对有机肥施用意愿的重要因子,而老年组稻农对有机肥的施用意愿主要受交互项的影响;4）稻农对有机肥的施用意愿还受土壤肥力、教育水平、农业年收入、风险感知、政策满意度的影响。因此,要正确引导父代采用相关绿色农业技术的正向示范效应,弱化父代务农经验对稻农的消极影响;适当加大教育投入,发展低风险绿色农业技术,充分发挥政府在技术支持中的引领作用,进而促进有机肥等绿色农业技术的推广应用。     

多路径下桃园射频信号传输特性

为解决无线传感器网络在桃园中的快速部署问题,该文研究了2.4 GHz无线射频信号在桃园中的传播特性。依据角度选取4条传输路径,在3种(0.5、1.5、2.5 m)典型的天线高度,同时测量丢包率和路径损耗情况,分析表明两者具有明显的相关性,天线高度和通信距离是路径损耗的主要影响因素。在天线高度为0.5和1.5 m时,可靠传输距离为6个行距(27 m);在天线高度为2.5 m时,可靠传输距离大于14个行距(63 m),因此冠层顶部为布设天线的最佳位置。对路径损耗数据进行回归分析,发现其在每种天线高度,每条传输路径下对数模型最适合作为路径损耗模型,模型的R2最大为0.945,最小为0.732。为研究节点部署于桃园任意位置时的路径损耗情况,便于节点快速灵活地部署,在3种天线高度下对路径损耗数据进行对数回归分析,R2最大为0.976,最小为0.939。最后对2组模型进行了验证,表明模型可以预测射频信号在桃园中的路径损耗情况,该文研究结果为无线传感器网络在桃园中的部署提供了参考。     

基于理想传动比的主动前轮转向控制

针对目前汽车主动前轮转向系统缺少对理想传动比规律研究的问题,建立线性二自由度车辆模型、主动前轮转向系统模型,以及轮胎模型;设计固定横摆角速度增益下的主动前轮转向系统理想传动比规律,提出基于该规律的主动前轮转向附加转角闭环控制策略,并对提出的控制策略进行仿真分析和试验验证。结果表明:基于理想传动比的前轮主动转向附加转角控制策略可有效保证车辆在低速时横摆角速度响应幅值变大,车辆具有较好的操纵性;高速时横摆角速度和质心侧偏角响应的幅值均变小,车辆具有较好的稳定性,有利于车辆获得较为理想的转向品质。研究结果可为主动前轮转向系统的设计与开发提供理论基础。     

复杂传动轴系扭振的递归传递矩阵法

现有分支轴系的传递矩阵法不仅需针对具体传递结构编制程序,而且它的剩余扭矩存在奇点。作者指出传动系的拓扑结构为树型。利用这一特点,构造了一种递归格式,只须提供描述传动系的数据,无须多次编程和调试。通过对传递过程的修正,消除了余量函数的奇点。算例结果表明所提出的算法是稳定和高效的。     

Testing the utility of abiotic surrogates for marine habitat mapping at scales relevant to management

Habitat mapping at the scale at which marine protected areas are designed and managed is essential for assessment of, and design for, representation. Most habitat mapping studies rely solely or in part on abiotic surrogates for patterns of biodiversity. The utility of abiotic variables in predicting biological distributions at the local scale (10 s of km) was tested in a remote video survey of macrobenthos in Moreton Bay, Australia. Habitat classifications of the same set of 41 sites based on 6 abiotic variables and abundances of 89 taxa and bioturbation indicators were compared using correlation, regression and ordination analyses. The concepts of false homogeneity (abiotically similar but biologically distinct) and false heterogeneity (abiotically distinct but biologically similar) were defined to describe types of errors associated with using abiotic surrogates to construct habitat maps, and quantified using two separate methods. Overall, the best prediction by abiotic surrogates explained less than 30% of the pattern of biological similarity. Errors of false homogeneity were between 20% and 62%, depending on the methods of estimation. Predictive capability of abiotic surrogates at the taxon level was poor, with only 6% of taxon/surrogate correlations significant. Abiotic variables did not discriminate sufficiently between different soft bottom communities to be a reliable basis for mapping. These results have implications for the widespread use of abiotic surrogates in marine habitat mapping to plan for, or assess, representation in marine protected areas. Little confidence can be placed in marine habitat classifications based solely or largely on abiotic surrogates without calibration by rigorous biological surveys at the appropriate scale. Therefore, it is questionable whether marine protected areas designed on this basis can have measurable benefits for conservation.     

隔板对汽车微穿孔管消声器声学特性的影响

为分析隔板对微穿孔管消声器声学特性的影响,该文首先通过试验验证微穿孔管消声器传递损失数值计算方法,然后建立带隔板微穿孔管消声器传递损失的理论模型并利用数值方法进行验证,最后基于理论模型分析了隔板对微穿孔管消声器传递损失的影响。分析发现,隔板位置影响主消声频带及传递损失大小,隔板越靠近中间位置,第一拱形衰减域向高频扩大,且传递损失越大;隔板数目增加,传递损失相应增大,但当隔板数目达到一定值时传递损失不再显著增大;在简单微穿孔管消声器内加隔板后,可以适当缩短膨胀腔长度,而不会明显降低该消声器消声性能,此方法可大大降低消声器的轴向长度,对微穿孔管消声器的优化设计具有指导意义。     

深圳市天然气管道工程生态恢复技术试验

摘要为科学开展深圳市天然气高压输配系统工程水土流失治理,寻找适用本项目的水土保持技术和方法,设置长2000m,宽20m的试验示范段。因地制宜,设置不同类型的生物砖排水沟,喷播适生草本和灌木,实现黄土裸露面有序排水和快速复绿,为该项目全线的生态恢复提供了科学依据和宝贵经验。     

拖拉机液力机械式无级变速器的研究

提出了一种新的组合式无级变速传动方案——液力机械综合式无级变速传动,由综合式液力变矩器、链无级变速器、减速齿轮组及相应的操纵控制机构组成。用该传动方案改进设计拖拉机的传动系,设计出了具有良好性能的液力机械式无级变速器。通过液力变矩器可自动无级变速变扭以适应外界变工况作业;通过链无级变速器和负载换档可实现由驾驶员控制的无级变速,因而整车能实现可控自动无级变速,在外界负荷频繁变化条件下发动机始终工作在标定工况附近     

基于DTW距离的拖拉机传动轴载荷样本长度计算方法

针对工程领域载荷样本长度确定方法对农业机械载荷适用性较差的问题,提出了一种基于动态时间扭曲（DTW, Dynamic Time Warping）距离计算载荷样本长度的方法。首先,运用无线扭矩传感器获取犁耕作业下拖拉机传动轴的动态载荷,结合传动轴犁耕作业下的载荷特点,划分作业工况;再将作业循环叠加并经过归一化处理后进行DTW距离计算,确定传动轴载荷样本长度;最后,计算参数外推中均值混合正态分布函数的拟合参数相对误差。结果表明,运用DTW距离方法确定的载荷样本长度,能够使均值双正态分布函数拟合得到的参数相对误差保证在10%以内。近似均值精度估计法和均值曲线拟合法的拟合参数相对误差最大值分别为126.06%和80.62%,而基于DTW距离计算方法的拟合参数相对误差最大值为5.43%,验证了基于DTW距离的载荷样本长度计算方法的适用性。研究结果可为拖拉机传动轴田间试验载荷样本长度确定提供参考。