When fish shoals meet: outcomes for evolution and fisheries

The mechanisms underlying the social structure of free‐ranging fish shoals have received little attention in comparison to functional studies on shoaling. Recently, however, a number of investigations, both in the marine and in the freshwater environment, have begun to address the underlying mechanisms by concentrating on interactions between free‐ranging shoals. The rates of shoal encounters can influence the opportunities for individual assortment by phenotype and selection of shoal size; act as a constraint on the observed patterns of shoal structure by restricting individual choice behaviour and were found to be high in several small freshwater species (where intershoal distances were small), but lower in marine species where shoals were more dispersed. The duration of encounters may play a role in that it affects both the time available for assessment (of the encountered shoal) as well as that for exchange of individuals. Scarce published information on the outcome of shoal encounters suggests that the outcome of shoal encounters is influenced by shoal composition but not by shoal size. Individual behaviour may have evolved to maintain shoal size when shoals encounter, but when fish populations are depleted by fishing, this trait can exacerbate range and stock collapse. Furthermore, an understanding of the dynamics of shoal encounters has important consequences for the evolution of reciprocal altruism and the transmission of information through social learning within populations. Finally, information on encounter rates between shoals and the number of individuals that are exchanged on such occasions could be important for making predictions about the spread of disease through fish populations.     

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L: a new infectious disease

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a disease syndrome of unknown aetiology first observed in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in 1999. In the present study we have demonstrated for the first time that HSMI is an infectious disease. It was induced in Atlantic salmon post-smolts after injection with tissue homogenate from farmed Atlantic salmon previously diagnosed with HSMI. The lesions were also induced in cohabitating salmon given a corresponding injection without tissue homogenate. Six weeks post-challenge the fish that had been injected with tissue homogenate developed a serious epicarditis and myocarditis with mononuclear cell infiltrations in compact and spongy layers of the heart. Similar lesions were found in cohabitants after 10 weeks. The lesions were consistent with samples from field outbreaks of HSMI. No lesions were found in control fish. A viral aetiology is strongly suggested, as no difference in disease induction between an inoculum containing antibiotics and a non-treated inoculum was found. Further investigations are required in order to make conclusions regarding the cause and pathogenesis of HSMI.     

Accuracy of a machine-vision pellet detection system

Video cameras are employed on net pen fish farms for monitoring food pellet levels near the cage bottom. Herein, the accuracy of a new machine-vision system for the identification of a feed-wastage event and its response time are reported. Research involved novel tests and definitions, video footage recorded under different stocking and environmental conditions, and numerical filters to reduce the effects of misclassifications and patchiness of the pellet wastage record on overall system accuracy. Single-frame food pellet detection accuracy was based on the difference between computer-generated and actual frame counts of pellets greater than 30 pixels in size. A pellet wastage event was defined as a median of three or more visible pellets per frame. During tests on still video frames from different feeding events, the system missed 0.1±0.1 to 1.3±0.4 pellets frame⁻¹, and miss-classified as pellets 0±0.1 to 2.3±0.5 objects frame⁻¹ (n=264). Most missed pellet images were on top of fish images. Waste matter accounted for 65% of the misclassifications, while particles associated with poor camera maintenance accounted for approximately 24%. The average response time to a pellet wastage event was 5.1 and 11.4 s for sampling rates of 2 frames s⁻¹ and 0.5 frames s⁻¹, respectively (n=20 different pellet wastage events). The longest response time (26 s) occurred when fish were amassed against the camera and/or covering pellets. Using appropriate camera lens, camera positioning and/or ‘warning’ software can address fish-interference problems.     

理论换段点下HMCVT换段离合器转矩交接及控制

针对液压机械无级变速器在换段过程中的动力中断和换段冲击问题,该研究以三段式液压机械无级变速器第二段切换第三段为例,通过建立动力学模型分析理论换段点下两段位的液压路功率方向变化规律,提出基于液压路功率方向的两阶段换段离合器转矩交接方法,并使用分段函数对两阶段离合器转矩交接轨迹进行优化,通过仿真对转矩交接方法正确性进行了验证。为了实现转矩的跟踪控制,基于终端滑模控制的方法设计了离合器控制器,通过对油压的跟踪控制实现转矩的跟踪控制,通过试验验证了控制器有效性。仿真和试验结果表明：在负载换段过程中,所提换段离合器转矩交接方法能够实现动力的平稳过渡,终端滑模控制器能够实现离合器油压的跟踪控制,从而实现转矩控制。在输入轴转速1 000 r/min,负载700 N·m工况下,使用终端滑模控制器控制两换段离合器进行换段,输出轴转速的波动范围为-20.6～7.4 r/min,输出轴转矩波动范围为-117.4～107.9 N·m,换段过程中最大冲击度为-6.16 m/s3,换段离合器的最大滑摩功为508.45 J,换段过程中无动力中断。该研究可为液压机械段变速器的换段控制提供参考。     

黄土和红壤丘陵区输变电线路工程水土流失影响因素及特征

为顺应国家电网公司高质量绿色发展的内在需求,防治输电线工程施工过程中造成的严重水土流失。以黄土丘陵区和红壤丘陵区为研究对象,通过野外调查和文献查阅,选取区域内两条典型线路,就气候、地形、土壤和植被等自然因素对输电线路工程水土流失特征的影响进行研究。结果表明:(1)黄土丘陵区相较于红壤丘陵区侵蚀营力除水力之外还有风力。(2)黄土丘陵区土壤渗透性强、土层深厚,而红壤丘陵区质地粘重、遇水易板结、入渗能力差。(3)黄土丘陵区植被自我恢复能力较差,施工过程中需要随时进行补植,而红壤区植被遭受破坏后恢复能力强,即使施工中植被遭受破坏,在短期内也可自然恢复。(4)黄土丘陵区输电线路工程在施工期土壤侵蚀模数是自然恢复期的1～10倍。黄土丘陵区输电线路各区域的土壤侵蚀模数是红壤丘陵区的2.5～31.25倍。(5)黄土丘陵区侵蚀模数在换流站站区、电机电缆区和榆林市线路工程塔基区的侵蚀模数取最大值,换流站站区和线路工程塔基区新增水土流失量最大; 而红壤丘陵区输电线路工程侵蚀模数在宜昌市线路工程塔基区取最大值,塔基区的新增水土流失量亦为最大。塔基区是水土流失防治和监测的重点区域。因此,根据当地自然因素差异,分区域设计工程措施,有利于减少水土流失。     

VSC-HVDC输电系统的特点与应用

轻型直流输电系统是基于VSC技术的新型直流输电技术。介绍轻型直流输电基本原理,对比轻型直流输电技术与传统直流输电技术在结构和功能方面的区别,阐述轻型直流输电的优点,并对其应用进行总结和展望,以期为轻型直流输电技术在我国的应用和发展提供一定参考。     

晋中市旅游形象策划与传播

晋中市旅游资源丰富,但旅游业发展相对滞后,针对晋中市旅游形象做了整体策划,并提出可行性传播意见。     

地面数据传输及质量控制实例分析

详细阐述地面测报软件主辅通道上传数据时间设置以及数据上传不成功的处理方法。自动站采集气温、本站气压、相对湿度、风向、风速以及雨量正点数据如果判断是错误数据,应按先分钟数据替代,然后人工数据替代,最后内插的原则修改,保存形成正确上传文件;台站预审人员应正确进行月报表A文件一般性备注和历史沿革备注。     

农民应用农业科技的能力与农业科技传播方式的相关性分析

为了有效提升农民的科技应用能力,促进农民增产又增收,采取无记名随机抽样问卷调查方法对农民应用农业科技的能力与农业科技传播方式的相关性进行调查研究.结果表明,农民应用农业科技的能力与农业科技传播方式之间关系密切,科学的农业科技传播方式对于农民应用农业科技的能力产生较大的促进和推动作用;但同时,目前的农业科技传播及其方式仍然存在着一些问题.为此,必须针对各地农民的具体特点,采取有效举措增强农民科技传播方式的科学性和实用性,不断提高农民的农业科技应用能力.     

猪附红细胞体病鉴别诊断研究进展

猪附红细胞体病是由立克次氏体目中的附红细胞体寄生于猪的血浆和红细胞中而引起的一种人畜共患的热性传染病。详细叙述了猪附红细胞体病的传播途径和鉴别诊断方法,旨在为控制该病的发生和流行提供一定参考。