柳枝稷植被过滤带拦污增效试验初步研究

针对黄土高原严重水土流失引起面源污染与水资源紧缺的问题,在自主研发设计的坡地高效农业用水滤清系统基础上,通过6组不同雨强的模拟降雨试验,分析了不同雨强下坡地径流中污染物输出特征,研究了不同长度的柳枝稷植被过滤带对污染物的净化效果,并对植被过滤带柳枝稷的生产效益进行了评价。结果表明:坡面径流中泥沙和总磷含量随雨强的增加而增加,总氮含量随雨强的增加而减小,COD含量随雨强增加先减小后增加。3 m长和5 m长的柳枝稷植被过滤带都能显著削减径流中的泥沙和总磷含量,而两种长度的削减作用间无显著差异;5 m长过滤带还能显著削减径流中COD含量,整个过滤带对总氮的削减效果不明显。过滤带柳枝稷产量和品质均优于大田种植柳枝稷,过滤带内距径流入口越近柳枝稷干物质产量越高,过滤带柳枝稷单位面积干物产量提高29%,蛋白质产量增加53%,淀粉产量增加23%。滤清系统柳枝稷植被过滤带不但能有效拦截水沙和面源污染物,而且能够将所拦截污染物作为肥料吸收利用,高效利用水土资源,在黄土高原地区有广泛的应用前景。     

Storm-generated fragments of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica from beach wrack – A potential source of transplants for restoration

The use of fragments detached naturally from Posidonia oceanica, a threatened seagrass protected by European legislation, as non-destructive alternative to removing cuttings from donor meadows for restoration efforts has been recently proposed. A 4-year study was performed to investigate whether storm-generated fragments deposited on beaches can be salvaged and used as transplant source. Specifically, we examined in outdoor tanks (i) how long fragments survive after detachment from parents, (ii) whether fragment survival and regeneration ability are influenced by morphological characteristics, i.e., initial fragment growth form and size, and (iii) whether a single fragment can be divided artificially to obtain more transplants. Finally, we monitored the first year survival of fragments lodged between rubbles of a submersed artificial reef 3 years after storage in tanks to test for their capacity to re-establish in the field. Four months after collection, fragment survival was high (80–96%). Half of the fragments regenerated and survived as long as 3 years in tanks. Initial growth form and size were not predictors of fragment survival or regeneration probability. Division of fragments allowed doubling transplant number. One year after transplanting, 50% of the fragments on the artificial reef were still present and ca. half of them produced new shoots. This indicates that fragments retain the capacity to re-establish once reintroduced into the field and thus could represent a potentially important transplant source. The use of this material could have major advantages over traditional restoration techniques, including large availability with zero impact on existing populations and low collection efforts.     

龙眼不同品种各营养器官多糖含量分析

分析比较了龙眼各营养器官之间、同品种不同结果母枝类型间、同品种不同植株之间、不同龙眼品种之间的多糖含量。结果表明:龙眼各营养器官皆含有多糖成分,且差异显著,依次为叶(4.575%)>新梢(1.928%)>枝条(1.644%)>根(0.918%);同一营养器官仅在不同成熟期的部分龙眼品种间多糖含量存在显著差异。     

The impact of clonality on an endangered tree (Elaeocarpus williamsianus) in a fragmented rainforest

The occurrence and distribution of clonality in the endangered rainforest tree Elaeocarpus williamsianus (Elaeocarpaceae) was investigated using SSR and RAPD analyses for 170 apparent individual trees found across seven sites. The results obtained with the two molecular techniques were in complete agreement in showing that single clones are present in most of the E. williamsianus sites with two genets occurring at the largest and most adequately protected site. In addition, seed production, viability and germinability were determined for four of these populations. Fruit were produced in all four populations tested although sterile fruit were very common. Only two E. williamsianus trees representing different genets within the same site produced viable seed. The overall genetic diversity within E. williamsianus is much lower than expected and thus the potential for sexual reproduction has been significantly diminished. It is concluded that habitat fragmentation removed an existing balance between vegetative and sexual reproduction in this species. Such findings have added urgency to the management of this species which could include a reintroduction program incorporating the collation of all clones within selected sites.     

蜈蚣兰营养器官的结构研究

[目的]了解蜈蚣兰营养器官的结构特点。[方法]利用石蜡切片技术对蜈蚣兰的气生根、茎和叶进行切片观察。[结果]蜈蚣兰气生根的根被2~3层,细胞壁条状次生加厚;外皮层细胞1层,内皮层细胞壁六面加厚,均具通道细胞;初生木质部多元,后生木质部占据维管柱的中心。茎表皮的外切向壁具角质加厚,维管束在茎的中部总体排为2轮。叶的表皮细胞一层,外切向壁具显著的角质加厚,气孔的一对保卫细胞内陷,外侧1对副卫细胞的角质层与周边表皮细胞的角质层相连,并呈烟囱状凸起,中央留有一椭圆形开口;叶肉无海绵组织与栅栏组织之分。[结论]这些结构保证了蜈蚣兰能够充分吸收空气中的水分,并减少体内水分的散失,以适应附生生活。     

银杏营养贮藏蛋白质的细胞学研究

采用透射电子显微技术,对银杏的末端小枝和根中贮藏蛋白质细胞进行了超微结构的观察,研究结果表明:银杏营养贮藏蛋白质主要在枝条和根次生韧皮部的韧皮薄壁细胞和韧皮射线细胞中积累;液泡中的蛋白质主要以絮状、不规则块状、颗粒状和均一细沙状的形式存在;落叶期,银杏枝条贮藏蛋白质大量积累。2月底3月初,随着芽的萌动和新梢的生长,枝条中贮藏蛋白质首先被动用,根中的贮藏蛋白质积累和动用都晚于枝条。5月份,新梢中也开始积累贮藏蛋白质;内质网、高尔基体、线粒体与贮藏蛋白质的降解过程有关。     

脾虚山羊植物神经机能状态的观察

采用生化、放免、微电子技术等方法，观察了１３只实验性脾虚山羊的唾液淀粉酶的活力，血清ＡｃｈＥ的活性，尿中ＶＭＡ，ＥＧＧ，血浆中ｃＡＭＰ等项指标。结果表明，脾虚山羊的副交感神经机能偏亢，应激能力低，从交感神经中枢到外周再到靶细胞的功能都是处于低下状态。由此提示，山羊的脾虚是机体植物神经机能紊乱的综合征。     

不同复合基质对‘红颊’草莓产量和品质的影响

[目的]研究6种不同复合基质对‘红颊’草莓营养生长、物质分配、产量和品质的影响。[方法]测定不同基质栽培下‘红颊’草莓植株的形态指标、植株鲜(干)重、产量以及果实可溶性固形物、总酸、维生素C、总糖、还原糖和蔗糖含量。[结果]不同基质栽培对‘红颊’草莓植株的形态指标影响较小,对植株鲜(干)重的影响较大,且各处理间产量和品质指标差异明显。综合评价,该试验中以泥炭∶砻糠灰∶珍珠岩=3∶1∶1(V/V/V)的复合基质栽培效果最好。[结论]复合基质泥炭∶砻糠灰∶珍珠岩=3∶1∶1适合‘红颊’草莓生长,值得在草莓基质栽培中应用。     

两种立体A字架结构草莓营养生长特性研究

设计2种A字架结构,对各部位草莓营养生长特性进行比较。结果表明：除了第1层外（底层）,2种结构其他各层草莓的株高、株径、叶面积、叶柄差异很小,各层次新叶数和叶绿素差异不显著;叶片鲜重、干重、比叶重上层与底层差异极显著;相对含水量5层结构的上层与底层差异显著,4层结构的差异也达极显著水平。认为：适当提高第1层（底层）高度,可以选择5层A字架结构进行草莓立体栽培。     

水稻苗期抗旱性的关联分析(英文)

[目的]此研究旨在检测水稻苗期抗旱性的数量性状位点。[方法]通过对 184 份水稻品种的田间苗期抗旱性鉴定,同时利用每 3Mb 为一区间随机分布于水稻 12 条染色体上的 156 个 SSR 标记子对卷叶、枯叶及复水恢复率 3 个苗期抗旱性性状进行标记,通过关联分析检测此 3 个性状的数量性状位点。[结果]水稻品种对苗期干旱具有不同的反应,卷叶、枯叶及复水恢复率这3个性状具有显著的相关性,对该群体在群体结构K=3 和 K=7 时进行了分析。[结果]该组水稻品种存在一定程度的遗传混杂,品种间的相互遗传相关性范围从 0 到 0.924 5。SSR 标记子间存在着明显的连锁不平衡。该试验共检测到与苗期抗旱性关联的16个SSR标记子,其中4个与卷叶性状,8个与枯叶性状,4个于复水恢复率紧密关联,而且大多数的标记子与2个以上的性状关联,表明某个单一抗性机理可能与多个不同性状的表达相关,如:渗透势调节。位于第九染色体上的RM107 标记子与所有 3 个苗期抗旱性性状关联,并且位于以前研究所报道的区间之内,为苗期抗旱性的主要位点,位于第八染色体上的 RM477与复水恢复率显著关联,且与卷叶性状的关联达到极显著水平,该位点可能是苗期抗旱性的另一个主要数量性状位点。[结论]关联分析是用于分析复杂性状(如抗旱性)非常有效的方法。