土壤重金属污染风险预测研究进展

对土壤重金属污染评价及预测的3种主要技术理论进行了阐述,评述了3种技术理论的优缺点,并进一步分析了土壤重金属污染风险预测不确定性的研究方法及影响因素。     

气相色谱法测定蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的测量不确定度

[目的]对气相色谱测定蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量的不确定度进行评定。[方法]对气相色谱法测定蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量的测定过程进行分析,通过数学模型分析并计算测试过程中的不确定度分量,最后计算出相对合成标准不确定度和相对扩展不确定度。[结果]据分析,气相色谱法测定蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量的不确定度主要有3个来源：①标注储备液的不确定度及稀释过程引入的不确定度;②样品均匀性、取样质量、样品溶液定容等引入的不确定度;③重复性试验引入的不确定度。该研究测定过程所产生的测量不确定度主要来源于测量重复性和方法的准确度,其他因素的影响相对较小。[结论]系统介绍了气相色谱法测定蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量不确定度的评定过程。     

Optimal Sampling Scheme for Estimation Landscape Mapping of Vegetation Cover

An optimization of a sampling design aims at decreasing costs without losing necessary spatial information and desired precision for estimation and mapping of vegetation cover. This study concentrates on investigating optimal solutions for sampling design, considering both plot and sample size in terms of cost and variance estimated for global estimation and local landscape mapping of overall vegetation cover used in the management of soil erosion. A geostatistical method was developed based on regionalized variable theory and compared to a classical random sampling method for a case study in which optimal sampling was designed for estimating and mapping vegetation cover. Cost is introduced into the sampling design in terms of measurement time. This method has made it possible to seek optimal solutions for determining plot and sample sizes given a desired precision and allowable survey cost budget for both local and global estimation. The results show that the geostatistical method is more cost-efficient than the classical designs because it accounts for spatial dependence of variables in the sampling design. Moreover, plot size affects kriging standard error of the local estimate more significantly than sample size, while sample size has more effect on precision of the global estimate than does plot size.     

高效液相色谱法测定饮料中糖精钠含量的不确定度评定

[目的]对饮料中糖精钠含量测定的不确定度进行评定。[方法]采用高效液相色谱法测定饮料中糖精钠含量,分别对测定过程中标准溶液浓度、标准溶液峰面积、试样峰面积、试样定容体积以及试样称量等影响糖精钠含量测定结果的因素进行不确定度分析评定。[结果]分析表明,检测结果的不确定度主要来源于标准溶液浓度引入的不确定度。当K=2(95%置信水平)时,糖精钠的测定结果为(21.7±0.4)mg/kg。[结论]该评定方法可用于高效液相色谱法测定饮料中添加剂含量的不确定度分析,使测定结果更加可靠。     

水质在线自动分析仪测量氨氮的不确定度分析

通过对氨氮水质在线自动分析仪测定氨氮过程的分析,探讨了测试各环节中可能引入的不确定度分量,并汇总合成得到扩展不确定度,确定了对不确定度贡献最大的因素,为其他类似实验减少误差提供参考。     

甲醛气体检测仪示值误差的测量不确定度评定

为了确保甲醛检测结果的准确性,依据JJG 1022-2007《甲醛气体检测仪检定规程》对各种类型的甲醛气体检测仪进行检定。该文依据检定规程及JJF1059-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》分析了甲醛气体检测仪示值误差的测量不确定度来源,并在不同测量范围对各分量进行评定,对测量结果进行表示。     

气相色谱-质谱法检测白酒中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯含量的不确定度评估

采用气相色谱-质谱法测定白酒中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯含量,对整个测量过程的不确定度来源进行了分析,并对不确定度各个分量进行了评估和合成,得出合成标准不确定度、扩展不确定度及测定结果的置信区间。结果表明,在置信概率 p=95%、包含因子 k=2时,使用 GB/T 21911-2008《食品中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定》方法合成标准不确定度为0.028,扩展不确定度为0.056;重复8次测定白酒中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的平均含量为（0.985＆#177;0.056） mg/kg。     

土壤重金属污染健康风险评估新视角 ——概率风险评估的源起及展望

评估土壤重金属污染对人体产生的危害,是土壤环境风险管理的重要前提.概率风险评估秉持表征不确定性和变异性的理念,为土壤重金属污染健康风险评估带来全新视角.为强化对概率风险评估的理论认知,推动其在土壤重金属暴露风险评估领域的深入应用,本文结合文献计量及整合分析方法,系统阐述了概率风险评估的理论基础及内涵演进,进一步将其与传...     

Uncertainties in up-scaling N2O flux from field to 1°×1° scale: A case study for Inner Mongolian grasslands in China

Since N₂O emissions cannot be measured easily at large scales, global emission estimates inevitably involve problems with scaling. To date, up-scaling processes depend highly on the models and database. Because of the limitation in resolution of the databases, which provide input parameters to drive the model's regional simulations, the uncertainties generated from the up-scaling processes must be quantified. In this paper, the uncertainties in up-scaling N₂O emissions from the field scale (∼1 km²) to 1°×1° scale (∼10,000 km²) were quantified in a case study from the Xilin River basin of Inner Mongolia, China. A revised process-based DNDC model was applied in the study for quantifying N₂O fluxes with a high-resolution (1 km²) soil database constructed with remote sensing data and GIS technique. The results showed that the uncertainties coming from spatial scaling effect is 63.6%, and from the partitioning of sensitive model parameter (SOC) is 86.4%. We found that inclusion of spatial heterogeneity of soil factors resulted in lower regional N₂O emission estimates. Utilization of the spatial structural information based on soil type was more effective for reducing the spatial scaling effect in comparison with the variability information calculated from Monte Carlo method.     

净辐射通量观测方法及观测精度的不确定性研究

净辐射通量观测方法和观测精度的不确定性已日益被人们所认识和了解,除了各种净辐射通量观测方法自身存在的一些问题外,还涉及太阳辐射表的标定方法（特别是长波辐射表的标定）、各种辐射表的技术指标及正确使用和维护等问题,通过在野外对国产全波段净辐射表（Netpyrradiometer下称净辐射表）和“四路法”（4-waycomponent system)2种常用的净辐射通量观测方法进行对比试验。结果表明,净辐射通量观测精度随时间和天气状况变化有不确定性,温度变化和辐射表防风罩透过光谱的不一致性是导致辐射表测量不确定性的主要原因。