Insights into the role of ethylene perception in tomato resistance to vascular infection by Verticillium dahliae

A Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system was employed to investigate the role of the tomato ethylene receptor ETR4. By comparing wilting symptoms of verticillium wilt in wild-type, ethylene-insensitive Never ripe ( Nr ) mutant tomato plants and ETR4 -silenced plants, it was demonstrated that disease severity in the Nr and ETR4 -silenced plants was statistically reduced compared to wild-type plants. Disease incidence and severity were reduced by 11 and 20%, respectively, in the Nr plants compared to the wild-type plants, at 33 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.). In the ETR4 -silenced plants, disease incidence and severity were reduced by 14 and 15%, respectively, compared to the TRV -only-inoculated plants, at 37 d.p.i. Quantification of Verticillium dahliae by qPCR revealed that the reduction in symptom severity in the Nr plants was associated with significant reduction of growth of the pathogen in the vascular tissues of the Nr plants compared to that in the wild-type plants, suggesting that impaired perception of ethylene via the Never-ripe receptor results in increased disease resistance. Fungal reduction was evident at each sampling day in the Nr plants, ranging from 1·5 to 1·75 times less than that in the wild-type plants. Fungal quantification in the ETR4- silenced and TRV -only-inoculated plants showed similar levels of fungal biomass.     

Epidemiology of dark leaf spot caused by Alternaria brassicicola and A. brassicae in organic seed production of cauliflower

In organic seed production of Brassica vegetables, infections by Alternaria brassicicola and A. brassicae can cause severe losses of yield and seed quality. Four field experiments with or without artificial inoculation with A. brassicicola were conducted in organically managed seed‐production crops of cauliflower cv. Opaal RZ in 2005 and 2006 in the Netherlands. The development of A. brassicicola and A. brassicae on pod tissues and developing seeds was followed and seed quality was assessed. Alternaria brassicicola was externally present on 1·2% of the seeds 14 days after flowering and observed internally within 4 weeks after flowering. In both seasons, seed colonization by the pathogen increased slowly until maturation but sharply increased during maturation. A similar pattern was found for the colonization of pod tissues by A. brassicicola as quantified by TaqMan‐PCR. The incidence of A. brassicicola on mature seeds reached 70–90%. Internal colonization was found for 62–80% of the seeds. External and internal seed colonization by A. brassicae was much lower, with incidences below 3%. The quality of harvested seeds was generally low, with less than 80% of seeds able to germinate. Seed quality was not affected by warm water treatments. It was concluded that A. brassicicola and A. brassicae have the potential to infect pods and seeds soon after flowering. For the production of high quality seeds, producers must prevent such early infections. Therefore, new control measures are needed for use in organic cropping systems.     

A molecular diagnostic for tropical race 4 of the banana fusarium wilt pathogen

This study analysed genomic variation of the translation elongation factor 1α (TEF‐1α) and the intergenic spacer region (IGS) of the nuclear ribosomal operon of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) isolates, from different banana production areas, representing strains within the known races, comprising 20 vegetative compatibility groups (VCG). Based on two single nucleotide polymorphisms present in the IGS region, a PCR‐based diagnostic tool was developed to specifically detect isolates from VCG 01213, also called tropical race 4 (TR4), which is currently a major concern in global banana production. Validation involved TR4 isolates, as well as Foc isolates from 19 other VCGs, other fungal plant pathogens and DNA samples from infected tissues of the Cavendish banana cultivar Grand Naine (AAA). Subsequently, a multiplex PCR was developed for fungal or plant samples that also discriminated Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana genotypes. It was concluded that this diagnostic procedure is currently the best option for the rapid and reliable detection and monitoring of TR4 to support eradication and quarantine strategies.     

生防菌Ba33抑制烟草花叶病毒RNA在叶片内积累的研究

采用realtime quantitative PCR方法测定了Ba33胞外蛋白对烟草花叶病毒RNA在叶片内积累的抑制作用,结果显示:与接种TMV+PBS对照相比,Ba33蛋白与TMV混合接种、接种TMV前24h喷雾Ba33蛋白及接种TMV后6h喷雾Ba33蛋白,均能显著抑制叶片内RNA积累,其中以接种前24h喷雾Ba33蛋白抑制效果最好。     

大洋臀纹粉蚧和南洋臀纹粉蚧TaqMan实时荧光PCR检测方法

臀纹粉蚧属有多个种类是重要的农业害虫,大洋臀纹粉蚧(Planococcus minor(Maskell))和南洋臀纹粉蚧(Planococcus lilacius Cockerell)是我国有重要检疫意义的有害生物.这两种臀纹粉蚧经常从进口泰国和东南亚水果口岸检疫中截获,但形态学方法很难进行准确鉴定.本研究首次利用mtDNA COI基因设计了两条特异性探针,应用TaqMan实时荧光PCR方法对大洋臀纹粉蚧和南洋臀纹粉蚧进行了快速准确鉴定.     

免疫吸附PCR技术提高梨火疫病菌检测灵敏度

本研究采用已经发表的引物和制备的梨火疫病菌抗血清,研制了免疫吸附-PCR技术,使其检测梨火疫病菌纯菌的灵敏度比标准PCR技术提高10倍;检测模拟样品中的梨火疫病菌灵敏度提高了1000倍;从相关混合菌液中能够更加灵敏和准确地检测出梨火疫病菌.该方法简单易行,准确灵敏,具有广阔的应用前景.     

一种快速微量提取柑橘早期胚基因组DNA的方法（英文）

[目的]建立一种快速微量提取柑橘基因组DNA的方法。[方法]采用优化的CTAB微量提取法,以20.0,10.0,5.0,2.5mg的早期杂种胚为材料进行基因组DNA的提取,并对其DNA进行质量检测和SSR验证。[结果]该方法简单易行,所需材料少,提取的DNA纯度较高,OD260nm/OD280nm在1.800～2.000,可满足SSR等以PCR扩增为基础的试验需要。[结论]建立的方法可以用于快速微量提取柑橘基因组DNA。     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌致病性生物Ⅰ型PCR诊断方法的建立

根据已发表的猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)apxⅣ毒素基因序列的保守区域设计1对特异性引物,建立检测致病性APP 1~12血清型标准菌株的PCR方法。在双盲试验中,血清1型(2株)、3型、5型和7型临床分离株与致病性APP 1~12血清型标准菌株一样,均能扩增出预期大小为876 bp的apxⅣ片段,可检出最低活菌数为2×102cfu.mL-1,最低检出DNA含量为9 pg.μL-1。检测疑似传染性胸膜肺炎感染猪的10份病变肺组织样品,阳性6份,与细菌分离鉴定结果一致。而副猪嗜血杆菌1~15型(缺失8型)、猪放线杆菌、猪源多杀性巴氏杆菌、猪霍乱沙门氏菌、奇异变形杆菌、猪源支气管败血波氏菌、猪丹毒杆菌的PCR检测结果都为阴性。结果表明:该PCR方法可用于致病性APP生物Ⅰ型的快速特异性检测和诊断。     

猪链球菌种及其1、2、7型多重PCR检测方法的建立与应用

【目的】建立致病性猪链球菌种及其1、2、7型的快速多重PCR检测方法,并进行初步的临床应用。【方法】根据猪链球菌种特异的gdh基因序列及其1(14)、2(1/2)、7型特异的cps1I、cps2H、cps7H基因序列,分别设计4对引物,通过对单个基因PCR和多重PCR扩增条件、反应体系的优化,建立了快速检测猪链球菌种及其1(14)、2(1/2)、7型的4重PCR方法。利用保存的猪链球菌不同血清型菌株和其他相关标准菌株作为参考菌株,对建立的多重PCR方法进行特异性和敏感性试验。用所建立的4重PCR方法对河南省不同地市的39份猪扁桃体样品进行检测,并选取部分样品的PCR产物进行测序验证。【结果】所建立的4重PCR方法特异、敏感,对猪链球菌2型的最低检出水平为2.52×103CFU/mL。临床检测及测序结果显示,该多重PCR准确性较高。【结论】建立的4重PCR方法可用于猪链球菌主要致病血清型的快速检测。     

中间锦鸡儿FAD2基因拷贝数检测及组织表达谱分析

【目的】探索中间锦鸡儿基因组中FAD2基因的拷贝数,分析不同拷贝的表达模式,以期揭示不同拷贝在植物体内的功能分工。【方法】根据中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)FAD2基因的保守序列设计1对引物SF和SR,利用该引物对PCR扩增制备114 bp的Southern检测探针,探针进行地高辛标记后,采用罗氏Southern杂交试剂盒进行Southern检测。根据中间锦鸡儿3个FAD2基因各自的特异差异序列,分别设计定量PCR引物序列,以actin基因为内参,对中间锦鸡儿的根、茎、叶及不同发育时期(发芽15,25,35 d)种子的cDNA进行定量PCR分析。【结果】中间锦鸡儿FAD2基因至少有4个拷贝,且不同拷贝的表达模式不同。FAD2-2A基因在根和发育中期、后期的种子中低水平表达,在幼嫩的茎、叶以及发育早期的种子中高水平表达;FAD2-1A基因在根中的表达量最低,在种子发育早期、中期大量表达,在幼嫩叶子中表达水平也较高;FAD2-1B基因仅在种子发育中期大量表达,在其他组织及种子其他发育阶段的表达量均保持在本底水平。在不同组织以及种子的不同发育时期,FAD2-1A相对表达量的变化幅度最大,达到了近100倍,FAD2-1B次之,FAD2-2A最小。【结论】结合序列比对分析推测:FAD2-2A基因可能主要负责合成膜脂中的亚油酸,FAD2-1A主要负责种子及叶子贮脂中亚油酸的合成,FAD2-1B负责种子贮脂中油酸的去饱和作用。