暹罗斗鱼的品系与色彩

对暹罗斗鱼(Betta splendens)的生活习性、形态特征及分类地位等进行简要概述,并对经过了100多年人工改良所产生的暹罗斗鱼不同品系进行了详细介绍。根据用途可把暹罗斗鱼分为两大类:观赏型和搏击型斗鱼,其中观赏型斗鱼7种;根据鳞片的色层叠加顺序,暹罗斗鱼的颜色分为彩虹层颜色、金属层颜色和拓展层颜色,其中彩虹层颜色约15种,金属层颜色约7种,现阶段拓展层的终极表现形式为风靡的龙鳞;根据鳍膜的变化,又有蝶翼色和芥子色之分;根据鳞片的覆盖方式,定义了面具和黑头。详细了解暹罗斗鱼的品种分类特征,对于维持其品系的稳定性研究及其品种改良具有深远的意义。     

Interannual and interdecadal variability in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) diets in relation to environmental changes in the northern California Current

The feeding habits of juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in the northern California Current were examined using samples from two different time periods (1980–85 and 1998–2003) of highly contrasting oceanographic conditions. The goal was to test the influence of interannual and interdecadal changes in taxonomic composition of prey, feeding intensity, and size spectra of teleost prey. Analyses were done for samples taken both early in the summer (June) shortly after the salmon enter the ocean, and also in late summer (September) following some ocean residency. Fish prey dominated coho salmon diets by weight during most years, but this trend was more pronounced during the 1980–85 sampling period. In terms of numerical composition, the diets were more variable on an interannual basis, but decapod larvae and euphausiids were important prey in most years. Pteropods and copepods were important prey during weak upwelling or El Niño years, whereas euphausiids were important during strong upwelling or otherwise highly productive years. Hyperiid amphipods comprised a substantial proportion of the diets only in 2000. Coho salmon showed highly significant differences in prey composition among years or between decades both in weight and numerical composition. The percentage of empty stomachs was highly variable by year in both June and September, but was significantly different only for September between decades. In contrast, an index of feeding intensity did not show many significant changes in either comparison. However, the relative size ratios for fish prey consumed were highly variable by year, and larger than average fish prey were consumed during 1998, leading to the highest feeding intensity observed.     

广东南岭国家自然保护区大东山捕食性昆虫及其食性分析

本文报道了广东省国家自然保护区大东山捕食性昆虫（含蜘蛛）的种类与食性。全文主要内容分为两部分：捕食性昆虫各类和捕食性昆虫食性分析。食性分析包括捕食性昆虫栖息习性和各目捕食性昆虫的捕食能力。     

梁子湖麦穗鱼食性的研究

用4种指标分析了梁子湖麦穗鱼的食性。结果表明。藻类的出现率(97．06％)、个体数百分比(99．9l％)和相对重要性指数(0．98)均最大。而底栖动物的重量百分比(98．53％)最大。表明麦穗鱼以底栖动物为主要食物,同时摄食大量的藻类。该鱼常年摄食,且摄食强度表现出一定的季节性变化,1～3、9月的摄食强度较高。而7月较低,可能是由于被动性采样所致。     

Value-added sampling for fishery independent surveys: Don’t stop after you’re done counting and measuring

Most fishery independent surveys count, weigh, and measure the majority of species caught. Many surveys also collect selected body structures for in-lab age determinations for selected species. We provide examples from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center's (NEFSC) bottom trawl survey that detail the development of at-sea sampling to elucidate age, growth, maturity, fecundity, spawning season, stomach contents, diet composition, condition, habitat types and prey preferences, basic oceanography (or limnology), and bioenergetics for a suite of diverse species. We show how the development of new methodologies and technologies has decreased both deck-time and time in the lab for processing many of the samples required to provide information on the topics listed above. As new technologies develop to make our trawl catch processing more efficient, we assert that we can notably increase the amount of information collected from trawl surveys with little additional effort. We show that with marginally additional catch processing time on the deck, at-sea sampling can provide a significant return on the knowledge of aquatic and marine resource species, non-resource species, habitats, food webs, and the ecosystems within which they occur. As observing systems continue to expand their remit to provide ecosystem management advice, the need for increased efficiencies on fisheries surveys will remain.     

椰心叶甲生活习性初探

椰心叶甲是我国林业检疫性有害生物之一，其幼虫和成虫隐藏于棕榈科植物未展开的新叶或狭窄的夹缝中危害，危害部分仅仅限于最幼嫩的心叶部分，叶展开后才离去，严重时可使植株死亡。文章对该虫各个虫态的形态特征进行了描述，并对其生活习性进行了初步的研究，为其防治提供理论依据。     

荔枝蒂蛀虫成虫羽化和交尾习性及性信息素释放节律的研究

【目的】研究荔枝蒂蛀虫成虫羽化和交尾规律及性信息素释放节律,为开展荔枝蒂蛀虫化学生态防治奠定基础。【方法】在室内温度(26±1)℃、相对湿度(80±5)%和光照周期14L∶10D条件下,观察荔枝蒂蛀虫成虫的羽化和交尾习性;采用正己烷浸提雌蛾性腺获得粗提物,用触角电位仪测定雌蛾性信息素的释放节律,用Y型嗅觉仪测定雄蛾对雌蛾性腺粗提物的选择趋性反应。【结果】荔枝蒂蛀虫成虫羽化高峰期在化蛹后7~8d;3日龄成虫交尾最为活跃,交尾高峰期在22:00-01:00;3日龄雄蛾对3日龄处女雌蛾性腺粗提物的触角电位反应较强,尤其对22:30-00:30雌蛾性腺的粗提物反应最强,说明22:30-00:30是荔枝蒂蛀虫性信息素释放的高峰期。荔枝蒂蛀虫3日龄雄蛾对3日龄雌蛾22:30-00:30性腺粗提物具有明显的选择趋性。【结论】荔枝蒂蛀虫交尾与性信息素释放存在一定的时辰节律。     

亚健康及不良生活习惯对心功能影响的实验研究

建立亚健康人群心功能的风险评估参数,为亚健康的干预提供实验依据。根据《非体力劳动者亚健康评估参考标准》的调查表以及生活习惯调查问卷筛选出40～59岁无心血管疾病的亚健康和健康女性人群,分别测定心功能各项指标。研究发现安静时亚健康组CO、SV均小于健康组,存在显著性差异;定量负荷后即刻CO、CI、SV、SI均小于健康组, SVR、HR均大于健康组,存在显著性差异。定量负荷后3min末两组指标无统计学意义。定量负荷后5min末,亚健康组CO、CI、SV、SI均小于健康组, SVR大于健康组,存在显著性差异。亚健康人群安静时CO、SV低于健康人群;定量负荷后即刻CI、SV、SI低于健康人群,可以考虑将这些指标作为评估心血管亚健康的风险因子。     

松褐天牛生物学特性的研究

通过室外调查和室内试验,对重庆地区松褐天牛的食性、产卵寄主、产卵选择等生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:松褐天牛成虫喜欢在马尾松、雪松、湿地松上栖息、取食和产卵,对罗汉松、园柏和柳杉取食相对较少,对怪柳和水杉几乎不取食;室内观察显示,成虫产卵前期为(5.74 0.27)d,产卵高峰期持续时间较长(约1.5个月),而产卵始期和末期时间较短,雄虫寿命(65.11 13.37)d,雌虫寿命(75.78 15.41)d;成虫一生的产卵量(155.89 67.22)粒。对有效控制松褐天牛的发生危害和松材线虫病在西南地区的传播蔓延提供一定的理论指导。     

农村留守与非留守儿童健康状况调查分析——以连云港市为例

[目的]调查连云港地区农村留守和非留守儿童的生活习惯与健康状况及二者之间的关系,为构建农村留守儿童健康管理模式、开展针对性的干预措施提供参考。[方法]采用整群抽样方法,使用问卷调查农村中学15～17岁初三年级637位同学的生活习惯和健康状况,其中留守儿童422人(66.2%),非留守儿童215人(33.8%)。[结果]农村留守儿童处于亚健康的比例显著高于农村非留守儿童(P<0.05),近视率和贫血率极显著高于农村非留守儿童(P<0.01),此外,农村留守儿童还存在便秘和痔疮现象,但与农村非留守儿童之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。在生活习惯上,农村留守与非留守儿童均存在日饮水量偏少、睡眠时间不足、运动量不足、吸烟、喝酒等问题,且在多数方面,留守儿童的生活习惯问题更为严重。[结论]农村留守儿童的健康状况不容乐观,其生活习惯有待改善,值得社会关注。