How good are managed forests at conserving native woodpecker communities? A study in sub-Himalayan dipterocarp forests of northwest India

We assessed the impact of forest management on woodpecker community structure sub-Himalayan dipterocarp sal (Shorea robusta) forests. We selected eight sites representing four management-based ‘forest types’ (natural unworked sal, old- and young managed sal, and teak plantations). At each site, bird surveys were conducted along 2-km-long transects, 20 times during breeding and non-breeding seasons. Habitat characteristics were enumerated using circular and belt plots. Species composition across forest types was compared using multi-response permutation procedures. Indicator analysis identified woodpecker species preferring particular forest types. Biomass, abundance, and mean species richness of woodpeckers were highest in natural sal, intermediate in managed sal, and lowest in teak. There were apparent differences in woodpecker densities between seasons. Densities were higher in breeding season than non-breeding season for natural sal, while the opposite was true for managed sal. Woodpecker species composition significantly differed across forest types. The four largest species, including grey-headed (Picus canus) and greater yellownape (Picus flavinucha) that were identified as indicators, predominated natural sal but were scarce in other types. At a broader level, mean species richness of woodpeckers strongly indicated mean richness of other avifauna during breeding season. Our study suggests that forest management has significantly altered the sub-Himalayan woodpecker community structure. Managed sal forests, particularly teak plantations, are largely unable to support the original woodpecker assemblage during breeding season, although they provide foraging grounds during non-breeding season.     

荆州地区草鱼生长状况及血清生化指标参考值的初步探讨

选取湖北省荆州地区池塘养殖草鱼,针对其生长、生物学特性及12项血清生化指标进行了检测,这将对草鱼血清生化指标参考值的建立以及健康养殖和调控,具有一定的参考意义。由于影响动物血清生化指标的因素较多,该试验中草鱼样本数相对较少,在今后的研究中尚需加大样本量进行更深入的探讨。     

噪声应激对蛋鸡血液生化指标的影响

500日龄海兰褐商品蛋鸡120只,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只鸡。研究噪声应激对蛋鸡血液生化指标的影响。结果表明,噪声对甘油三酯、葡萄糖、钙、磷及总胆固醇含量及肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性影响差异不显著（P〉0.05）。日粮中添加60IU/kg的维生素E对缓解应激起到一定作用（P〉0.05）。     

生态系统健康研究现状及其定量化研究初探

阐述了健康的生态系统定义及其研究瓶颈与途径 ,健康的生态系统可以活力、组织性和恢复力等定性指标描述和衡量。中尺度生态系统定量化健康评价研究的主要瓶颈是确立健康生态系统标准。生态系统健康评价研究的途径可从生态系统受胁迫压力角度、系统恢复力或系统反作用力角度以及生态系统受到潜在“威胁”预测和健康预防的角度考虑 ,而系统结构和功能相结合是生态系统健康评价的基础     

装载机动臂铰点区域应力场的数值计算与试验研究

以CAT980S装载机动臂为研究对象,分别对装载机在正载插入与掘起联合作业(工况1)、右偏载插入与掘起联合作业(工况2)两种危险工况下动臂上铰点、动臂油缸铰点附近的应力场进行了数值计算。采用有限元与边界元混合求解,集中了有限元与边界元的优点,整体采用有限元求解,铰点局部采用边界元进行分析。在边界元分析中,提出了最小二乘边界元法,有效地模拟了铰点附近复杂的边界形状与边界条件。计算出了铰点附近应力场分布规律。同时,对CAT980S装载机动臂各铰点附近的应力进行了实车测试,并与计算结果进行了对照。     

Accumulation of trehalose in the thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophilum var. coprophilum in response to heat or salt stress

The disaccharide trehalose, known to be an effective protectant against various kinds of stress, was observed to accumulate in the cytosol of Chaetomium thermophilum var. coprophilum during heat stress. Trehalose was apparently neither involved in the defence of C. thermophilum var. coprophilum against high concentrations of sodium chloride nor directly linked to thermophily.In C. thermophilum var. coprophilum three different trehalose hydrolyzing activities were eluted from a mono Q anion exchange column by sodium chloride concentrations of 0.10, 0.15 and 0.24 M, respectively.     

CXZL80装载机结构件焊接残余应力变形分析研究

采用自动动态增量非线性分析有限元程序对ＣＸＺＬ８０装载机执行装置进行了焊接残余应力变形的分析研究，计算结果与实测数据进行了对比。结果表明，动臂横梁焊缝附近存在较大的焊接残余应力变形，它们直接影响结构件的强度及加工精度     

Technical solutions to reduce the risk of subsoil compaction: effects of dual wheels, tandem wheels and tyre inflation pressure on stress propagation in soil

The use of heavy machinery is increasing in agriculture, which induces increased risks of subsoil compaction. Hence, there is a need for technical solutions that reduce the compaction risk at high total machine loads. Three field experiments were performed in order to study the effects of dual wheels, tandem wheels and tyre inflation pressure on stress propagation in soil. Vertical soil stress was measured at three different depths by installing probes into the soil horizontally from a dug pit. In one experiment, also the stress distribution below the tyre was measured. Beneath the dual wheels, vertical stresses at 0.15 and 0.3 m depth were lower between the two wheels than under the centre of each wheel, despite the gap between the wheels being small (0.1 m). At 0.5 m depth, vertical stress beneath the wheels was the same as between the two wheels. The stress interaction from the two wheels was weak, even in the subsoil. Accordingly, measured stresses at 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 m depth were highest under the centre of each axle centre line of tandem wheels, and much lower between the axles. For a wheel load of 86 kN, tyre inflation pressure significantly affected stress at 0.3 m depth, but not at greater depths. Stress directly below the tyre, measured at 0.1 m depth, was unevenly distributed, both in driving direction and perpendicular to driving direction, and maximum stress was considerably higher than tyre inflation pressure. Calculations of vertical stress based on Boussinesq's equation for elastic materials agreed well with measurements. A parabolic or linear contact stress distribution (stress declines from the centre to the edge of the contact area) was a better approximation of the contact stress than a uniform stress distribution. The results demonstrate that stress in the soil at different depths is a function of the stress on the surface and the contact area, which in turn are functions of wheel load, wheel arrangement, tyre inflation pressure, contact stress distribution and soil conditions. Soil stress and soil compaction are a function of neither axle load nor total vehicle load. This is of great importance for practical purposes. Reducing wheel load, e.g. by using dual or tandem wheels, also allows tyre inflation pressure to be reduced. This reduces the risk of subsoil compaction.     

单一重金属胁迫对灯心草生长及生理生化指标的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同浓度处理水平的Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As五种重金属单一胁迫对灯心草生长及其生理生化特性的的影响。结果表明:种植灯心草土壤中的Cd、Pb、Cu三种重金属临界值可分别设定为10mg kg-1、100 mg kg-1、100mg kg-1。灯心草不适合在Zn污染的土壤中种植,土壤中As临界值尚需作进一步的研究来确定。各单一重金属胁迫对灯心草叶绿素的合成均有很大程度的抑制作用,剂量-效应关系明显。灯心草三种保护酶对于不同浓度处理水平重金属胁迫的响应不同:在土壤环境质量低浓度设置范围内三种酶有较好的协同效应能共同抵御重金属胁迫造成的膜伤害,表现出较强的自我调节能力。而在高浓度处理水平时,三种酶活性呈现不同的变化趋势。灯心草生理生化指标对重金属胁迫的响应存在元素种类之间的差异。各单一重金属对灯心草生长抑制及生理毒害效应大小排序为:Zn>As>Cu>Pb>Cd。     

9种胁迫条件下棉花叶片光谱特征及其识别研究

对不同胁迫条件下棉叶光谱特征进行比较研究,可为棉花胁迫类型识别提供理论依据。以田间获取的9种胁迫棉叶为材料,对9种胁迫叶片进行光谱测试,分析各自光谱特征差异,对其进行定性定量的识别。结果表明:黄萎病、枯萎病、干旱、缺氮、红蜘蛛和角斑病棉叶光谱反射率形状和大小在全波段均发生了较大变化,蚜虫、冻害和盐害均变化较小。9种胁迫棉叶的光谱"绿峰"和"红边"均具有"单峰"现象,其中黄萎病、干旱、缺氮、枯萎病、红蜘蛛和角斑病2个"单峰"峰值均减小,"单峰"位置均发生"蓝移",而蚜虫、冻害和盐害基本不变。蚜虫棉叶的吸收波段位置、吸收深度、吸收面积略微增加,其他胁迫均减小,蚜虫棉叶吸收宽度略微减小,冻害棉叶吸收宽度基本不变,盐害棉叶吸收宽度先增后减,其他胁迫棉叶的吸收宽度均增加。不同胁迫棉叶的14个光谱特征参数表现出一定的规律,建立相应的判别式可有效对不同胁迫棉叶进行准确识别。因此,利用光谱技术进行棉花叶片不同胁迫诊断是可行的。