甘肃徽县银杏引种及生长特征研究

为了选择适宜甘肃陇南地区栽培的银杏优良品种,探索不同品种的生长习性,从而为叶用和果用银杏栽培技术提供理论基础,从江苏省泰州市引进银杏品种‘七星果’、‘大佛手’、‘圆玲6号’和‘大马玲’,进行引种试验,对嫁接定植的1年生幼树进行成活率、萌生枝条类型、新梢生长量、物候期及净光合速率调查和观测,运用SPSS 17.0软件进行方差分析（LSD和Duncan法进行多重比较）。结果表明：嫁接成活率为：‘大马玲’＞‘大佛指’＞‘七星果’＞‘大佛手’＞‘圆玲6号’,均高于73.36%;引进的4个品种与当地栽培品种‘大佛指’相比,除了封顶期推迟了1~3天外,萌芽期、展叶期、叶全盛期和落叶期均不存在显著性差异;‘圆玲6号’单株萌生长枝数量和新梢生长量显著高于‘大佛指’,‘大马玲’单株萌生短枝数量显著高于其他品种,新梢生长量高于‘大佛指’;‘大佛手’、‘七星果’和‘圆玲6号’光合速率出现明显的双峰曲线,而‘大佛指’光合速率仅在10:00左右出现1次峰值,且在测定时间8:00、12:00、14:00、16:00的光合速率均显著低于其他品种。     

Influence of High Shoot and Root-Zone Temperatures on Growth of Three Wheat Genotypes during Early Vegetative Stages

High temperatures, whether of shoot or root, are reported to affect shoot and root growth of various plant species. The scanty information available on the differential response of wheat genotypes to high shoot and root‐zone temperatures triggered this investigation to study the response and adaptation of shoot and root growth of three wheat genotypes to high shoot and root‐zone temperatures during early growth stages. Three wheat genotypes; Fang (heat tolerant), Siete Cerros (heat sensitive) and Imam (recent cultivar adapted to a hot irrigated environment) were grown in soil and hydroponically. Three shoot/root‐zone temperatures (23/23, 23/35 and 35/35 °C for the soil experiment and 22/22, 22/38 and 38/38 °C for the hydroponic experiment) were applied at three‐leaf growth stage. High root‐zone temperature alone or combined with high shoot temperature reduced xylem sap flow rate, root dry weight, root length and root/shoot ratio. Unexpectedly, shoot fresh and dry weights and relative growth rate (RGR) were not significantly affected by the high root‐zone temperature except for the susceptible genotype, Siete Cerros, after prolonged exposure in the hydroponic experiment. In contrast, high shoot/root‐zone temperature significantly reduced shoot fresh and dry weights from as early as the first week of the hydroponic experiment. The 38/38 °C treatment also caused significant reduction in RGR and net assimilation rate during the first 2 weeks, but no significant differences were found during the last 2 weeks compared with 22/22 °C. Interesting responses were observed among genotypes in terms of shoot and root dry weights and root/shoot ratio at 38/38 °C treatment. The heat‐sensitive Siete Cerros showed the least reduction in these traits during the first 2 weeks while the heat‐tolerant Fang and Imam responded by greatly reducing their shoot and root weights. The situation was almost reversed with the duration of treatments such that Siete Cerros became the most affected genotype while Fang and Imam were better adapted to high shoot/root‐zone temperature. Specific root weight was the exceptional trait that increased under high temperature treatments. Results indicate that despite the reduction in root length and weight observed under high root‐zone temperature, shoot growth was not much affected suggesting that the use of suitable cultivar coupled with proper management could alleviate most of high root‐zone temperature effects during early growth stages.     

超高产水稻生育后期剑叶光合生理特性变化的研究

笔者研究了黑龙江省第一积温带5个产量不同的主栽品种生育后期剑叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性变化规律。结果表明：超高产品种生育后期的剑叶叶绿素含量、光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性均高于常规品种,品种间差异显著。因此,将剑叶生育后期叶绿素含量、净光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性的变化研究,作为寒地粳稻高光效育种和超高产育种中的一项措施是可行的。     

烟蚜茧蜂生产中主要病虫害不同防控措施的筛选研究

为筛选出防控烟蚜茧蜂生产中主要病虫害的高效措施, 通过温室试验研究了5种不同目数的尼龙网、 20种单一化学药剂、 3种混剂对烟蚜茧蜂生产中主要病虫害防治效果及对烟蚜茧蜂繁育的影响。结果表明：（1） 70目尼龙网和6%乙基多杀菌素2000倍液能有效控制斑潜蝇、 蓟马、 烟草盲蝽、 斜纹夜蛾、重寄生蜂、 食蚜蝇;（2） 2%氨基寡糖素800倍液 0.3%过磷酸钙溶液能有效防治普通花叶病、 烟草番茄斑萎病毒;（3） 6%乙基多杀菌素 24%腈菌唑1:1比例的2000倍液和25%嘧菌酯1500倍液能有效防治白粉病;（4） 6%荧光假单孢杆菌 2%奈乙酸可湿性粉剂 25%甲霜灵可湿性粉剂能有效防治烟草黑胫病、 根黑腐病, 并且上述措施均对烟蚜茧蜂影响较小。     

网格式生物埂对坡面土壤贮水及渗透性的影响

为研究网格式生物埂护坡的时间效应,以无生物埂护坡的裸坡为对照,对建设时间为1～4年的黄花生物埂坡面土壤的入渗与贮水特征进行了研究。结果表明,①建设年限1～4年的黄花生物埂与裸坡的饱和贮水量、最大滞留贮水量、最大吸持贮水量、初始入渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透率和渗透总量均表现为:4年>3年>2年>1年>裸坡,且均与建设时间呈显著的线性关系;②坡位对土壤贮水及渗透性的影响明显,1～4年的黄花生物埂均表现为坡上>坡中>坡下的规律,而裸坡表现出与之相反的规律;③土壤渗透性与土壤理化性质(总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙、毛管孔隙、土壤密度及有机质)和植被因子(根长密度、地下生物量和地上生物量)显著或极显著相关。     

基于偏好免疫网络的油茶果采摘机器人图像识别算法

针对油茶果采摘机器人视觉识别中外界物体的形态学特性要求,采用了偏好人工免疫网络算法作为机器视觉的图像识别算法,并根据采摘环境及采摘对象的特点对算法结构进行了改进,增强了算法的识别率.仿真实验表明,采用偏好人工免疫网络算法对油茶果的识别率在晴天时达到了81.67％,阴天时达到了87.69％,满足采摘识别率的要求.     

井渠结合灌溉类型区多水源联网优化调度模式研究

针对丘陵地区灌溉水源分散、灌溉保证率低、农业缺水严重、生态环境恶化等突出问题,将多水源联网工程技术与优化调度技术相结合,建立了井渠结合灌区多水源联网优化调度模型,大大提高了灌区水资源的利用效率和灌溉保证率。采用该技术及其他节水措施后,威海井渠结合节水示范区全部耕地可得到灌溉,灌溉后的粮食产量由原来的9000 kg/hm2提高到11550 kg/hm2,示范区平均增产25%。经济、社会与环境效益显著。     

Water for irrigation or hydropower generation?—Complex questions regarding water allocation in Tanzania

The need for achieving efficient, equitable and sustainable use of water resources to meet water demands of different sectors is pressing, particularly in areas where water resources are dwindling. Along with this is the quest for having a good understanding of the value of water in its different uses. Using a simplified model derived from the residual imputation approach (the Change in Net Income Model) we assess the value of water in irrigated paddy and hydropower generation in the Great Ruaha River Catchment (GRRC) in Tanzania. The estimated productivity of water (PW) in irrigated paddy ranges from 0.059 to 0.250 kg/m³ (for withdrawn water) and 0.126 to 0.265 kg/m³ (for consumed water). The PW in hydropower generation is estimated to range from 0.45 to 1.68 kWh/m³. In monetary terms the value of water in irrigated paddy is estimated at 15.3 Tanzanian shilling (Tsh)/m³ (for water withdrawn) and 0.19 Tsh/m³ (for water consumed). The values of water for hydropower generation are relatively higher than for irrigated paddy, ranging from 59 to 226 Tsh/m³. Yet, irrigated paddy also supports livelihoods of about 30,000 agrarian families in the GRRC, with gross revenue of about Tsh 15.9 million per annum and GRCC paddy contributes about 14–24% of national rice production. We conclude that understanding the value of water in its alternative uses is key to fostering informed debate on water management and allocation, identifying the basis for making ‘agreeable’ trade-offs, the potential for improvement and creating linkages with water allocation options particularly in agricultural-based economies, where agriculture competes with other sectors and where water re-allocation decisions may involve large transfers of water from the sector generating the highest pro-poor returns (agriculture for this case) to the sectors generating the highest economic returns (hydropower generation and industrial uses).     

基于IEA的需水预测投影寻踪模型研究

需水预测是一个由城市人口、工业水平、社会经济水平共同作用的多因素、多层次的复杂非线性系统,其结果将直接影响受区域水资源承载力约束的产业结构、布局形态等决策。PP方法通过投影将高维数据转换为低维数据,克服了维数祸根问题,能在一定程度上解决分类、函数逼近和时间序列预测等问题。将PP方法引入需水预测领域,建立了需水预测PP模型。同时,将免疫进化算法和PP耦合起来,简化了参数优化运算。在珠海市的应用实例表明:PP模型较好地解决了高维非线性和非正态问题,在需水预测中有较强适用性。     

Carbon and net nitrogen mineralisation in two forest soils amended with different concentrations of biuret

Biuret is a known contaminant of urea fertilisers that might be useful as a slow release N fertiliser for forestry. We studied carbon (C), net nitrogen (N) mineralisation and soil microbial biomass C and N dynamics in two forest soils (a sandy loam and a silt loam) during a 16-week long incubation following application of biuret (C 23.3%, N 40.8%, O 30.0% and H 4.9%) at concentrations of 0, 2, 10, 100 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ (oven-dried) soil to assess the potential of biuret as a slow-release N fertiliser. Lower concentrations of biuret specifically increased C mineralisation and soil microbial biomass C in the sandy loam soil, but not in the silt loam soil. A significant decrease of microbial biomass C was found in both soils at week 16 after biuret was applied at higher concentrations. C mineralisation declined with duration of incubation in both soils due to decreased C availability. Biuret at concentrations from 10 to 100 mg kg⁻¹ soil had a significantly positive priming effect on soil organic N mineralisation in both soils. The causes for the priming effects were related to the stimulation of microbial growth and activity at an early stage of the incubation and/or the death of microbes at a later stage, which was biuret-concentration-dependent. The patterns in NH₄⁺-N accumulation differed markedly between the two soils. Net N mineralisation and nitrification were much greater in the sandy loam soil than in the silt loam soil. However, the onset of net nitrification was earlier in the silt loam soil. Biuret might be a potential slow-release N source in the silt loam soil.