衡观35小麦丰产稳产性分析及增产途径探讨

对衡观35小麦6 a计90点次的区试和示范的丰产稳产性进行了分析,并对不同种植区域的增产途径进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)衡观35是1个矮秆大穗、抗病抗倒、高产广适型小麦品种,产量稳定在7 500~8 250 kg/hm2,并具有9 750~10 500 kg/hm2的产量潜力;(2)相关分析和通径分析结果表明,不同种植区域的产量结构不同,黄淮南片麦区三因素顺序为千粒重单位面积穗数穗粒数,冀中南麦区三因素顺序为穗粒数千粒重单位面积穗数;(3)单位面积有效穗数对产量的直接作用最大,在黄淮南片冬麦区、冀中南冬麦区通径系数分别为0.761 3和0.539 8;(4)在保证630万~675万穗/hm2群体结构的基础上,黄淮南片麦区主攻千粒重,冀中南麦区重点增加穗粒数,可发挥该品种的最大丰产潜力。     

有机肥与无机肥配施对菜地土壤N2O排放及其来源的影响

该研究采用同位素自然丰度法,通过室内培养试验研究北京地区菜地有机肥和无机肥配施对土壤释放N2O及同位素位嗜值SP（site preference）的影响,以期获得不同肥料及其配比下土壤N2O的来源及变化规律。结果表明：施用无机肥释放的N2O显著高于有机肥,其累积排放量是有机肥的6.63倍,且无机肥施用比例越高,排放量越大;各肥料组合在施用后7天内均以反硝化作用生成N2O为主,贡献最高达到78.89%,SP为6.97‰,之后硝化作用逐渐增强并成为主要途径,最高占比达76.48%,SP为25.24‰;培养期内施用无机肥可以促进反硝化作用,平均占比52.98%,SP为15.52‰,而有机肥会使硝化作用增强,平均占比71.35%,SP为23.55‰。因此,在北京潮褐土地区菜地土壤施用有机肥对N2O有良好的减排效果,可为蔬菜生产中肥料的合理应用提供科学依据。     

植物水分利用效率的研究进展

阐述了水分利用效率概念和测定方法的发展、水分利用效率的时间和空间变化规律、不同生活型植物的水分利用效率与水分利用效率的外在和内在影响因子、水分利用效率的遗传背景分析、水分利用效率和抗旱性关系及提高水分利用效率的措施，最后分析了今后水分利用效率的研究趋势。     

不同生态条件下氮磷钾配施对强筋小麦陕253品质的影响

以优质强筋小麦品种陕253为材料．在不同生态条件下．研究了不同N、P、K配置施肥对籽粒蛋白质含量、吸水率、硬度、容重、湿面筋、沉淀值、出粉率、稳定时间和降落值9个主要品质指标的影响。结果表明，在不同N、P、K肥配置处理后籽粒蛋白质含量、吸水率、硬度、容重、湿面筋、沉淀值和出粉率变化不大，但不同生态环境条件对其影响明显，降落值受N、P、K配置和生态环境条件共同影响，稳定时间对N、P、K肥料配置反应比较敏感，以每公顷施N135kg、P2O5 225kg和K2O 120kg处理的稳定时间最长，达24．6min。     

喀斯特石漠化过程中土壤氮同位素组成及其空间分异特征

对喀斯特高原区贵州省清镇市王家寨峰丛洼地同一流域内不同类型石漠化、不同等级石漠化以及不同干扰方式石漠化表层土壤全氮的同位素组成及其空间分异特征进行了研究。结果表明：流域内黄壤区样地的表土全氮δ15N值主要分布在＋0.35‰～＋6.82‰之间,平均值为＋4.50‰;黑色石灰土区样地的表土全氮δ15N值主要分布在＋2.70...     

稻田CH4产生途径研究进展

H2/CO2还原和乙酸（CH3COOH）发酵是稻田CH4产生的主要途径。碳同位素示踪技术、添加甲烷产生途径抑制剂和稳定性碳同位素方法是稻田CH4产生途径的主要研究方法。本文综述了这三种研究方法及研究结果,并指出了今后的研究重点：加强我国有关稻田CH4产生途径的研究;对比分析三种研究方法,查明研究结果存在差异的原因;加强同位素分馏系数a(CO2/CH4)和e(ac/CH4)以及碳同位素组成δ13CH4和δ13CH4(CO2/H2)的研究     

Controls on soil carbon accumulation during woody plant encroachment: Evidence from physical fractionation, soil respiration, and δC of respired CO2

Woody plant encroachment into grasslands and savannas is a globally extensive land-cover change that alters biogeochemical processes and frequently results in soil organic carbon (SOC) accrual. We used soil physical fractionation, soil respiration kinetics, and the isotopic composition of soil respiration to investigate microbial degradation of accrued SOC in sandy loam soils along a chronosequence of C₃woody plant encroachment into a C₄-dominated grassland in southern Texas. Our previous work in this system demonstrated significant changes in the chemistry and abundance of lignin and aliphatic biopolymers within particulate soil fractions during the first 40 yrs of woody plant encroachment, indicating selective accrual of purportedly more recalcitrant plant chemicals. However, during the long-term soil laboratory incubation presented herein, a greater proportion of SOC was mineralized in soils from older woody stands (34-86 yrs) than in soils from younger woody stands (14-23 yrs) and grasslands, providing no evidence for greater biochemical recalcitrance as a controlling mechanism for SOC accrual. In addition, δ¹³C values of respired CO₂ indicate that the mineralized SOC was predominately of C₃ origin from all woody stands along the chronosequence, and that respired CO₂ was primarily derived from the free light fraction (density <1.0 g/cm³) and macroaggregate-sized soil fraction. Our data suggested that the location of SOC among soil fractions was more important than plant polymer chemistry in determining SOC turnover rates during incubation. Surprisingly, estimates of the size and turnover rate of the active SOC pool based on respiratory kinetics did not increase with woody encroachment, and the turnover rate of the slower SOC pool decreased, again supporting the notion that increases in biochemically recalcitrant biopolymers did not hinder decomposition in the lab. These data indicate environmental conditions that may allow for C accrual in the field were alleviated during the controlled incubation. Therefore, C accrual in these sandy loam soils following woody encroachment should not be assumed stable, and this factor should be taken into account when considering responses of SOC to climate change or when making management decisions regarding land cover impacts on SOC.     

Modeling soil metabolic processes using isotopologue pairs of position-specific C-labeled glucose and pyruvate

Most organic carbon (C) in soils eventually turns into CO₂ after passing through microbial metabolic pathways, while providing cells with energy and biosynthetic precursors. Therefore, detailed insight into these metabolic processes may help elucidate mechanisms of soil C cycling processes. Here, we describe a modeling approach to quantify the C flux through metabolic pathways by adding 1-¹³C and 2,3-¹³C pyruvate and 1-¹³C and U-¹³C glucose as metabolic tracers to intact soil microbial communities. The model calculates, assuming steady-state conditions and glucose as the only substrate, the reaction rates through glycolysis, Krebs cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, anaplerotic activity through pyruvate carboxylase, and various biosynthesis reactions. The model assumes a known and constant microbial proportional precursor demand, estimated from literature data. The model is parameterized with experimentally determined ratios of ¹³CO₂ production from pyruvate and glucose isotopologue pairs. Model sensitivity analysis shows that metabolic flux patterns are especially responsive to changes in experimentally determined ¹³CO₂ ratios from pyruvate and glucose. Calculated fluxes are far less sensitive to assumptions concerning microbial chemical and community composition. The calculated metabolic flux pattern for a young volcanic soil indicates significant pentose phosphate pathway activity in excess of pentose precursor demand and significant anaplerotic activity. These C flux patterns can be used to calculate C use efficiency, energy production and consumption for growth and maintenance purposes, substrate consumption, nitrogen demand, oxygen consumption, and microbial C isotope composition. The metabolic labeling and modeling methods may improve our ability to study the biochemistry and ecophysiology of intact and undisturbed soil microbial communities.