大豆对大豆花叶病毒SC18株系的抗性遗传和基因定位

大豆花叶病毒(soybean mosaic virus,SMV)病是我国大豆生产上的一种主要病毒病害,SMV株系SC18是我国东北和南方两大产区的优势株系,在黄淮大豆产区亦零星发生。本研究对5个抗×感杂交组合衍生后代分离群体接种SC18后,发现各组合F_1均抗病,F_2表现3∶1(抗∶感)分离比,F_(2∶3)表现1∶2∶1(抗∶分离∶感)的分离比,表明5个抗病亲本(中作00-683、滨豆95-20、东大2号、中品661和RN-9)对SC18的抗性由一对显性基因控制。抗×抗杂交组合"中作00-683×东大2号"衍生后代分离群体接种SC18,F_2出现15∶1(抗∶感)的分离比,表明中作00-683与东大2号可能各携带一对显性基因,控制对SC18的抗性,且独立遗传;抗×抗杂交组合"中作00-683×滨豆95-20"的F_1、F_2和F_(2∶3)在接种SC18后均未检测出感病株,表明中作00-683与滨豆95-20所携带的对SC18的抗性基因是等位的。利用RN-9×7605重组自交家系将RN-9对SC18的抗病基因Rsc18定位到大豆6号染色体(C2连锁群)SSR标记Satt286和Satt277之间,遗传距离为6.12和4.69 cM。     

Stability analysis of seven agronomic traits for soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Tokachi nagaha and its derived cultivars using the AMMI model

The stabilities of seven agronomic traits were analyzed and the general stabilities of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] accessions were evaluated based on the additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) model using the founder parent Tokachi nagaha and 137 of its derived cultivars as materials. The objective was to provide a theoretical basis for effectively using germplasm in soybean breeding and production. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that genotype, environment, and genotype by environment interactions were significantly different for each trait. The first three interaction principal components axes (IPCA) were highly significant, accounting for 61.28–70.00% of the total variation. The stability differed for the different traits. 50 cultivars with high general stabilities were identified. The general stability of Tokachi nagaha was moderate, as the stability coefficients (D_i) of its seven traits were relatively high; this must be considered by breeders using this cultivar as a breeding parent. There were significant positive correlations between the phenotypic values and their own D_i values for number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, and seed weight per plant. This would lead to the expectation that the phenotypic stability would be lower when a cultivar had more branches, pods, seeds, and high per plant yields. Thus, it appears difficult to breed cultivars that simultaneously have high yields and high stability.     

Fatty Acid and Non-Fatty Acid Components of the Seed Oil of Celastrus paniculatus willd.

The yield and chemical composition of the seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus were determined by solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The yield of crude fatty oil was found to be 45.5% in the mature seeds on dry weight basis. Fourteen compounds, constituting 97.57% of the oil, were identified. The oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acids (70.11%) followed by saturated fatty acids (25.2%). Oleic acid (54.42%), palmitic acid (20.0%), linoleic acid (15.51%), and stearic acid (4.18%) were the main fatty acids in the oil together with four other minor fatty acids. The current study identifies the novel compounds not previously reported in C. paniculatus oil, including 1,4-benzenediol (0.46%), cinnamic acid (0.15%), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone (0.03%), butylated hydroxytoluene (0.4%), and eudalene (0.16).     

微波对毛酸浆籽油提取效率的影响及其脂肪酸分析

以毛酸浆种子为原料,研究索氏微波提取法对毛酸浆籽油提取效率的影响,并以甲酯化脂肪酸为标准品,采用气相色谱法对毛酸浆籽油脂肪酸成分进行分析,通过与标准品比对出峰时间确定试样脂肪酸成分,使用面积归一法确定试样中各脂肪酸含量。结果表明,与普通热风干燥相比,微波干燥法能够提高毛酸浆籽油的提取效率;利用气相色谱法对毛酸浆籽油进行脂肪酸分析,共检测出8种脂肪酸,分别为:肉豆蔻酸1.3%,棕榈酸10.3%,硬脂酸5.3%,油酸14.3%,亚油酸62.7%,亚麻酸4.0%,花生酸1.1%,二十二烷酸1.0%。其中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量占81.0%,说明毛酸浆籽油具有较高的营养价值,开发前景广阔。     

甜橙精油分子蒸馏组分的成分分析及其抗菌活性研究

应用分子蒸馏技术加工冷压甜橙精油,分离得到轻相与重相两个组分,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析其化学成分,鉴定出甜橙精油轻相组分中含22种化合物,重相组分中含40种化合物。抑菌试验结果表明,甜橙精油轻相和重相组分对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌均具有较好的抑菌效果,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)范围为0.78~3.125μL/m L。抑菌活性受不同p H和温度条件的影响,酸性环境下轻相组分的抑菌效果较好,碱性环境下重相组分的抑菌活性更强。在高温处理下,轻相组分对细菌的抑菌效果具有较好的热稳定性,重相组分的抑菌效果有所减弱。     

Intra‐household constraints on educational attainment in rural households in Papua New Guinea

This paper examines intra‐household and socio‐cultural factors leading to differential outcomes in educational attainment by gender and birth order amongst smallholder oil palm households in Papua New Guinea. Not all children share equitably in the household resources allocated to education: females have lower average education levels than males, and high birth order children have higher education attainment than lower birth order siblings, indicating preferential parental investment in sons and early born children. The findings demonstrate that despite households having regular access to relatively high incomes from oil palm and residing in close proximity to schools, primary school net enrolment rates remain significantly lower than those for East Asia and the Pacific region, and the millennium development goal of universal primary education has not been met. This finding is likely to be the result of a combination of intra‐household factors including gender power imbalances, low parental education levels, the agency of youth in educational decision‐making and the weakening attraction of education as a means of improving income‐earning potential.     

茉莉花香气成分及其加工应用研究进展

笔者阐述了茉莉花香气成分的释放机理,分析了影响茉莉花香气成分的因素,指出茉莉花香气成分的释放主要是酶促反应的进行,是由花香前体物质在温度、水分、氧气等作用下经生物酶水解释放出来,认为品种、花的开放程度、产地、环境因子、提取方法都对茉莉花香气成分的组成和含量具有不同程度的影响,其中以花的开放程度、环境因子和提取方法最为明显。文章还对茉莉花在食品、茶叶、香烟及其他方面的应用做了概述,最后对茉莉花的理论研究以及开发新产品方面做了展望。     

氮气气调储油实罐试验

油脂劣变的主要过程是油脂氧化酸败,引起酸败的主要途径是油脂的自然氧化,因此控制储藏期间油罐中的含氧量是有效阻止油脂氧化酸败的重要方法。基于上述原理,通过向油脂储罐内注入高纯度氮气,从而达到防止油脂自然氧化的目的。为了试验过程中油罐的安全,采用外置气囊的方式维持油罐内外压力的平衡,以便及时消除因昼夜温差导致的胀罐或压罐。通过试验验证了气调储油试验方案的可行性和易操作性,达到了抑制油品酸败的目的。     

极细链格孢激活蛋白对大豆光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数及产量的影响

为探讨激活蛋白对大豆生长、产量的影响,以大豆冀豆17为研究对象,利用光合仪与称重法测量了不同浓度极细链格孢激活蛋白(1,2,3,4,5,6μg/m L)处理后大豆的光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数及产量。结果表明,随着施用的极细链格孢激活蛋白浓度的增加,大豆叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、有效量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)呈先上升后下降的趋势。施用1,2,3,4μg/m L浓度的极细链格孢激活蛋白不仅提高了大豆叶绿素含量,而且增加了大豆叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率,同时还能提高叶绿素荧光的最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、有效量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)。其中以3,4μg/m L浓度的处理效果最好。施用更高浓度的激活蛋白(5,6μg/m L),上述光合特性与叶绿素荧光促进效果下降或者消失。施用中浓度激活蛋白(3,4μg/m L)大豆产量增加了11.21%~14.76%。结果表明,喷洒合适浓度的极细链格孢激活蛋白是一种促进大豆增产的有效措施。     

抗白粉病胡麻种质资源田间鉴定与筛选

白粉病目前已成为影响胡麻产量和质量最常见的病害之一, 种植抗病品种是防控病害最经济环保的有效措施, 然而抗病亲本材料的缺乏已成为制约抗病品种选育的关键因素。为筛选出抗白粉病胡麻材料, 本研究在田间自然感病的条件下, 采用病情指数法对300份国内外胡麻种质资源材料进行了抗白粉病鉴定和评价。结果表明, 所有供试材料均程度不同地感染胡麻白粉病, 无免疫材料, 仅有5份材料为中抗; 其余295份均为感病材料, 其中8份材料中感, 52份材料感病, 235份材料高度感病。本研究可为抗白粉病胡麻品种的培育及相关抗病基因的发掘提供参考。