部分高油玉米自交系主要性状的初步鉴定

通过对15个高油玉米自交系生育期、植株性状、产量性状及品质性状的初步分析,结果表明,15个高油系籽粒的脂肪、蛋白质含量高于黑龙江省普通玉米自交系,其中脂肪含量极显著高于普通自交系,淀粉含量极显著低于普通玉米自交系.除BY843、BY815生育期偏晚以外,其它高油系能够适应黑龙江省种植.多数高油系的自身产量接近普通玉米自交系,可以直接利用或者作为种质资源间接利用.大部分高油系的株高、穗位偏高,需进一步改良.     

Changes in the Quality of Refined Fish Oil in an Accelerated Storage Study

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to prepare the refined oil derived from Sardinella longiceps by a step-wise procedure of degumming, bleaching, and deodorization. The refined sardine oil showed greater susceptibility toward oxidation than the crude oil, but the addition of ethyl acetate fractions of the red seaweeds Hypnea musciformis, Kappaphycus alvarezii, and Jania rubens with great antioxidant potential significantly increased the oxidative stability of the refined oil. The refined oil supplemented with the ethyl acetate fraction of these seaweeds indicated more noteworthy oxidative stability indices (≥ 0. 51 h) than α-tocopherol. The induction time was greater for refined oil added with H. musciformis (1.26 h) than butylated hydroxytoluene (1.04 h) and α-tocopherol (0.4 h). No traces of aromatic (δ 6.7–7.5 ppm), hydroperoxides, and aldehydes (δ 9–10 ppm) in the ¹H-NMR spectra of the refined oil supplemented with seaweed extracts at the baseline and after the accelerated storage study demonstrated that the seaweed extracts were able to prevent the formation of secondary oxidation products in the unsaturated system during storage. This study demonstrated the potential of seaweeds as natural alternatives to the synthetic antioxidants to prevent the rancidity of the refined fish for use in food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement with blended vegetable oils on growth,lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

A 120‐day trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary fish oil replacement with vegetable oils on growth, lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to replace 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000g/kg of fish oil with a mixture of soybean and rapeseed oil (defined as D1–D5), and each treatment had 30 replicate crabs. Dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of the crabs, while the D3 had the highest hepatosomatic index and total lipids in hepatopancreas. The triglyceride and lipase activities in hepatopancreas increased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. The D4 had the highest levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the hepatopancreas, as well as the haemolymph ALP, ACP and peroxidase. The highest levels of haemolymph total antioxidant capacity, catalase and malondialdehyde were detected in D1. Total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in hepatopancreas decreased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. In conclusion, dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of P. trituberculatus, and 500g/kg of fish oil replacement could improve antioxidant capacity, but excessive replacement level will enhance lipid accumulation and peroxidation in the hepatopancreas.     

猪油对罗非鱼生长及餐后脂质代谢的影响

在实用饲料配方的基础上分别添加0%、5%、10%猪油组成试验饲料饲喂罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)(初重43 g)8周,比较研究猪油不同添加水平对罗非鱼生长及餐后脂质代谢的影响。结果表明,罗非鱼的末重(FBW)、特定生长率(SGR)、增重率(WGR)和饲料效率(FE)随着饲料中猪油水平的增加而显著升高。而摄食量(FI)表现出相反的变化趋势,即高水平猪油组显著低于对照组。随猪油添加水平增加,罗非鱼肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活力显著降低,而肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加。血清中甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)含量均随饲料中猪油水平增加而显著升高。各试验组罗非鱼血清中CHO、TG、LDL-C和VLDL-C含量随时间推移均表现出先升高后降低的变化趋势,TG和VLDL-C的峰值出现在餐后6h,而CHO和LDL-C峰值在餐后9 h。但HDL-C表现出相反的变化趋势,即先降低后升高,在餐后6 h达到最低值。总之,饲料中添加不同水平猪油会促进罗非鱼生长,但会影响罗非鱼的肝功能以及餐后脂质代谢,罗非鱼抗氧化能力也相应受到影响。     

氧化油脂对奥尼罗非鱼生长和抗氧化性能的影响

通过饲喂不同过氧化值油脂的饲料,研究奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromisniloticus×O·aureus)的生长性能、肝胰腺抗氧化能力与氧化油脂的关系。试验结果表明:添加氧化油脂导致罗非鱼的增重率和饲料转化率显著下降(P<0·05),肝体比显著增加,但肝脂率、肌脂率的变化不明显(P>0·05);相对于过氧化值较低的饲料,饲料过氧化值(POV)为73·44mmol/kg时,肝胰腺中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力明显增高(P<0·05);氧化油脂对肝胰腺中丙二醛(MDA)含量无明显影响(P>0·05)。     

Influence of partial substitution of dietary fish oil by vegetable oils on the metabolism of [1-14C] 18:3n-3 in isolated hepatocytes of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)

The static or declining supply of fish oil from industrial fisheries demands the search of alternatives, such as plant (vegetable) oils, for diets in expanding marine aquaculture. Vegetable oils are rich in C₁₈ polyunsaturated fatty acids but devoid of the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in fish oils. Previous studies, primarily with salmonids, have shown that including vegetable oils in their diets increased hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of dietary partial substitution of fish oil (FO) with rapeseed oil (RO), linseed oil (LO) and olive oil (OO) on the desaturation /elongation and, -oxidation capacities of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 in isolated hepatocytes from European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), in a simultaneous combined assay. Fish were fed during 34 weeks with diets containing 100% FO, or RO, LO and OO, each included at 60% with the balance being met by FO, with no detrimental effect upon growth or survival. The highest total desaturation rates were found in hepatocytes of fish fed FO diet (0.52±0.08 pmol/h/mg protein) and OO diet (0.43±0.09 pmol/h/mg protein), which represented 3.2% and 2.7% of total [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 incorporated, respectively. In contrast, lowest desaturation rates were presented by hepatocytes of fish fed LO and RO diets (0.23±0.06 and 0.14±0.05 pmol/h/mg protein, respectively) represented 1.4% and 0.9% of total [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 incorporated, respectively. The rates of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 β-oxidized were between 11-fold and 35-fold higher than desaturation. However, no significant differences were observed among β-oxidation activities in hepatocytes of fish fed any of the diets. The present study demonstrated that the European sea bass, as a carnivorous marine fish, presented a ‘marine’ fish pattern in the metabolism of 18:3n-3 to 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. This species appeared to have all the enzymic activities necessary to produce 22:6n-3 but presented only extremely low rates of fatty acid bioconversion. Furthermore, nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation was minimal, and dietary vegetable oils did not increase desaturase activities, and in RO and LO treatments the activity was significantly lower. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

喷雾干燥与冷冻干燥对鱼油微胶囊品质的影响

为深度开发金枪鱼加工副产物,充分利用金枪鱼油所含营养成分,以壳聚糖为壁材,金枪鱼油为芯材,分别采用喷雾干燥法和冷冻干燥法制备鱼油微胶囊,比较两种制备方法对制得微胶囊品质的影响。结果显示:喷干鱼油微胶囊和冻干鱼油微胶囊的包埋率分别为77.26%、63.86%,但后者对鱼油脂肪酸保护更好;前者挥发性成分共有43种,其中酮类物质相对含量最高,占33.01%;而后者的挥发性成分仅有24种,以酯类为主,占52.29%,且没有检测到典型的腥味物质,这可能是由于冻干过程温度较低,抑制了多不饱和脂肪酸的氧化,更能掩盖鱼油不良风味。贮藏试验显示,两种鱼油微胶囊与鱼油相比,过氧化值的增长速度均显著降低(P<0.05);贮存7d后,两种胶囊的二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(EPA)保留率分别为82.22%和85.25%,两种制备方法对DHA和EPA保留率的影响不大(P>0.05)。研究表明,两种鱼油微胶囊制备方法对延缓鱼油氧化和掩蔽不良风味有一定作用,对制备鱼油微胶囊具有一定的参考意义。     

Regulation of growth, fatty acid composition and delta 6 desaturase expression by dietary lipids in gilthead seabream larvae (Sparus aurata)

The Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases and elongases show only very limited activity in marine fish, and little is known of the possibility of enhancing Δ6 desaturase gene expression in these fish. The use of plant oils in marine fish diets is limited by their lack of n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) despite an abundant content of the 18C fatty acid precursor linoleic and α-linolenic acids. The objective of the present study was to determine the ability of larval gilthead seabream to utilize vegetable oils and assess the nutritional regulation of Δ6 desaturase gene expression. Seventeen-day-old gilthead seabream larvae were fed during a 17-day period with one of four different microdiets formulated with either sardine fish oil (FO), soybean, rapeseed or linseed oils, respectively, or a fifth diet containing defatted squid meal and linseed oil. Good larval survival and growth, both in terms of total length and body weight, were obtained by feeding the larvae either rapeseed, soybean or linseed oils. The presence of vegetable oils in the diet increased the levels of 20:2n−9 and 20:2n−6, 18:2n−9, 18:3n−6, 20:3n−6 and 20:4n−6, in larvae fed rapeseed and soybean oils in comparison to those fed FO. In addition, a sixfold increase in the relative expression of Δ6 desaturase-like gene was found in larvae fed rapeseed and soybean oils, denoting the nutritional regulation of desaturase activity through its gene expression in this fish species. However, feeding linseed oil did not increase the expression of the Δ6 desaturase gene to such a high extent.     

鲣鱼加工废弃物中鱼油的提取及纯化的工艺研究

鱼油所含的不饱和脂肪酸既有助于脂的消化吸收、转运和形成,又是生物膜的重要结构物质.鲣鱼加工中产生大量的下脚料,如果用于提取鱼油,可以创造可观的经济效益.本文探讨了利用鲣鱼加工废弃物提取、精制、纯化鱼油的工艺条件,并且对从鲤鱼废弃物中提取鱼油并纯化出高不饱和脂肪酸的方法进行了研究,得到的鱼油中高不饱和脂肪酸占24%,其中...     

南极磷虾产品研究及发展趋势

南极磷虾生活在南极海域,资源量丰富,具有较高的应用价值.南极磷虾开发耗资巨大,在大规模商业性开发投入之前,做好相关产品与市场分析等基础工作十分必要.本文首先对南极磷虾产品的发展历程进行了分析,继而对南极磷虾产品的主要形式与发展前景进行了剖析,并对主要目标市场进行了定位研究.研究认为：南极磷虾粉和液态磷虾油是目前较为普遍的产品存在形式.其中,磷虾粉可作为蛋白质增强剂、增味剂和重要的氨基酸补充剂使用,可作为渗透调节之用,同时,可以作为矿物质来源、脂质来源、几丁质/几丁聚糖免疫增强剂、天然色素（类胡萝卜素）来源使用.磷虾粉的目标市场更倾向于水产饲料;磷虾油的目标市场主要倾向于营养保健和制药行业.相对于磷虾粉,磷虾油的市场价值更高.