Use of response surface methodology to study the combined effects of temperature and salinity on hatching and deformity of the hybrid grouper,Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (♀) × Epinephelus polyphekadion (♂)

This study seeks to identify the optimal combination of temperature and salinity for the embryo development of the hybrid groupers, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (♀) × Epinephelus polyphekadion (♂), using the central composite design and response surface methodology. Results have shown that the low hatching rates of fertilized eggs and high deformity rates of larvae were the result of lower or higher temperature/salinity levels. The linear effects of temperature and salinity were significant in both hatching rates and deformity rates (p < .01). Similar results were observed in the quadratic effects of temperature and salinity (p < .01). Effects of temperature were positively related to salinity effects (p < .05). Salinity effects were more remarkable than temperature on hatching rates, but not the same on deformity rates. Model equations were established for temperature and salinity effects on hatching rates and deformity rates. A high coefficient of determination (R² > .97) was found for the adequacy and predictive capability of model equations, indicating that these models can be applied to prediction. The optimal combination of temperature and salinity was 27.58°C/30.94, which was derived from the statistical optimization approach. In this condition, the hatching rate was the highest at 85.73%, and the deformity rate was the lowest at 5.96%, with a high desirability function of 0.957. The results of this study can be applied to improve hatching and decrease deformity in future cultures of hybrid groupers.     

胚胎发育中骨骼肌组织的形成及调控

在胚胎发育中,骨骼肌组织的形态发生是许多基因精密调控的复杂生物学过程。综述了骨骼肌组织在胚胎发育过程中的起源、骨骼肌组织形成过程及调控机制。     

Abnormal swimming behavior and increased deformities in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss cultured in low exchange water recirculating aquaculture systems

Two studies were conducted to evaluate rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss health and welfare within replicated water recirculating aquaculture systems (WRAS) that were operated at low and near-zero water exchange, with and without ozonation, and with relatively high feed loading rates. During the first study, rainbow trout cultured within WRAS operated with low water exchange (system hydraulic retention time (HRT) = 6.7 days; feed loading rate = 4.1 kg feed/m³ daily makeup flow) exhibited increased swimming speeds as well as a greater incidence of “side swimming” behavior as compared to trout cultured in high exchange WRAS (HRT = 0.67 days; feed loading rate = 0.41 kg feed/m³ daily makeup flow). During the second study, when the WRAS were operated at near-zero water exchange, an increased percentage of rainbow trout deformities, as well as increased mortality and a variety of unusual swimming behaviors were observed within WRAS with the highest feed loading rates and least water exchange (HRT ≥ 103 days; feed loading rate ≥ 71 kg feed/m³ daily makeup flow). A wide range of water quality variables were measured. Although the causative agent could not be conclusively identified, several water quality parameters, including nitrate nitrogen and dissolved potassium, were identified as being potentially associated with the observed fish health problems.     

Vertebral column deformity with curved cross-stitch vertebrae in Norwegian seawater-farmed Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L.

Pathological changes in the vertebral column of farmed Atlantic salmon in Norway have been reported since the 1990s. Based on the characteristic radiographic findings, we here present a vertebral column deformity named “curved cross-stitch vertebrae” that mainly affects the middle aspect of the vertebral column. Sixty fish, from the west/northwest coast of mid-Norway, were sampled at slaughter and examined by radiography, computed tomography (CT), necropsy, macrophotography, and histology. The vertebral deformities were radiographically graded as mild, moderate, or marked. The main differences between these grades of changes were defined by increased curving of the peripheries of endplates, reduced intervertebral spaces, and vertical displacement of the vertebrae. The curved rims of endplates were located peripheral to a continuous and approximately circular borderline. The CT studies revealed small, multifocal, hypo-attenuating, round to crescent-shaped areas in the notochord, compatible with the presence of gas. Additionally, histology revealed that the axial parts of endplates had circular zones with perforations, through which either notochordal tissue prolapsed into the vertebrae or vascularized fibrochondroid proliferations extended from the vertebrae into the notochord. Inflammation was present in many vertebral bodies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of gas in the notochord of fish.     

Comparing skeletal development of wild and hatchery-reared Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858): evaluation in larval and postlarval stages

The Senegalese sole is a marine pleuronectiform that naturally occurs in Southern Europe and Mediterranean region where it is being produced in aquaculture, in particular in Portugal and Spain. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of hatchery-reared larvae in comparison with those reared in the wild, and determine to which extension wild growing larvae are also affected by skeletal deformities. The main structures affected included those forming the axial skeleton, the caudal fin complex and both anal and dorsal fins, with the most prevalent anomalies affecting caudal vertebrae and arches. Hatchery-reared fish presented a higher incidence of deformities (79%) compared with the 19% observed in wild specimens. In wild postlarvae collected in Autumn no deformities were observed. This work clearly shows that wild Senegalese sole present less skeletal deformities than those hatchery-reared during larval stages, indicating a selective mortality of wild deformed fish and/or an effect of aquaculture-related rearing conditions in the development of skeletal deformities in sole.     

大海马(Hippocampus kuda Bleeker)幼体口吻部骨骼形态观察及其对摄食的影响

通过对10尾2-3日龄的幼体海马的固定、染色、消化的研究,用显微镜对其摄食器官的构成进行详细观察,明确了幼体海马管状鼻内骨骼的结构。结果显示,幼体海马在摄食时,其舌骨角、后翼骨、方骨、上颌骨、续骨起到支撑等重要的作用;海马幼鱼期续骨与后翼骨之间的夹缝结构,可使略大的饵料通过。因此,可以在养殖过程中通过适当地增加饵料的粒径,有效地提高幼体摄食效率,从而提高存活率。     

温度对云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)(♀)×七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)(♂)杂交F1胚胎发育和仔鱼活力的影响

用控温仪设定温度组,观察了在不同温度条件下(13℃、15℃、17℃、19℃、21℃、23℃、25℃、27℃、29℃、31℃)云纹石斑鱼(E.moara)(♀)×七带石斑鱼(E.septemfasciatus)(♂)杂交F1的胚胎发育情况,并对实验12 h后的好卵率、12 h后的胚胎发育时期、受精卵的孵化率和初孵仔鱼的畸形率进行了记录;仔鱼孵化出膜后,对其进行了耐饥饿实验,测定其每天的存活率和生存活力指数(Survival activity index,SAI)。实验结果表明,受精卵胚胎发育周期与温度呈正相关的关系,其受精卵孵化的适宜温度范围是17–25℃,温度低于17℃时,孵化率随温度的降低而降低,畸形率反之;温度为13℃时,不能孵化出仔鱼;温度高于25℃时,孵化率随温度的升高而降低,畸形率反之;仔鱼的SAI值随着温度的变化先升高后降低,在温度为17–21℃时,SAI值较高,分别为32.14±2.83、32.30±1.29、22.98±1.42,其他温度条件下SAI值均低于这3组。