Inbreeding depression traits in pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai by factorial mating experiments

ABSTRACT:   'Inbreeding depression' may be an avoidable phenomenon for abalone culture. However, only a few studies have been carried out on inbreeding depression. In the present study, using six families produced in 1994, a factorial mating system including inbreeding and outbreeding was constructed in order to demonstrate inbreeding depression traits of the Pacific abalone. In total, 24 inbreeding and 21 outbreeding crosses were produced during three years (1999–2001) and these offspring were reared for approximately one year. Significant differences in fertilization rate and growth were not observed between inbreeding and outbreeding crosses. However, the deformity rate of veliger larvae was always higher in inbreeding crosses than that of outbreeding crosses in all experiments. Moreover, a significantly high deformity rate was observed in some full-sib families of inbreeding. Alternatively, the survival rates of inbreeding crosses were much lower than for outbreeding crosses after about 4 months and one year in two rearing localities. These results indicate that inbreeding depression is observed in the traits of deformity rate and survival, but not in fertilization rate nor growth in the first generation of a full-sib family of the Pacific abalone.     

虹鳟卵孵化中水霉病的防控

在水温9~11℃下,研究不同浓度过氧化氢、甲醛、聚维酮碘和中草药(五倍子、麻黄等)浸提液对虹鳟受精卵发眼率、孵化率和畸形率的影响。结果表明:聚维酮碘不适合用于虹鳟受精卵水霉病的防治,其他三种消毒剂的最佳药浴浓度分别为过氧化氢1 000mg/L、甲醛1 500 mg/L、中草药浸液50mL(仅限于本试验配方),发眼率可分别提高到发眼率可分别提高到(96.54±1.16)%、(97.76±2.36)%、(94.26±3.58)%,孵化率可分别提高到(97.99±0.13)%、(98.24±1.09)%、(98.10±1.09)%。将这三种消素剂两两交替使用后,发现过氧化氢和中草药的防治效果不低于甲醛,为今后研发防治水霉菌的无公害新型药物提供基础性数据。同时,建议在孵化中建立一套科学、严格、有效的防疫体系,既可大大减少消毒剂的使用量,又可真正达到安全、高效、价廉。     

人工养殖史氏鲟畸形原因探讨

采用原子吸收分光光度法,对骨骼畸形和体型正常的人工养殖史氏鲟脊椎、骨板、鳍条、鳃、肝脏、肾脏、肌肉中锰、铜、铁、镉、铅、锌等的含量进行了检测,并对其分布和积累规律进行了研究。结果表明,畸形和正常史氏鲟身体各部位中重金属的含量无显著性差异(P>0.05),重金属积累不是造成人工养殖史氏鲟畸形的主要原因。畸形和正常人工养殖史氏鲟体内重金属的分布和积累规律基本一致,锰和铅主要分布在脊椎、骨板、鳍条和鳃等骨化组织中;铁和铜在体内主要蓄积在肝脏中;锌和镉在体内的分布较均匀。     

Lipid metabolism and cellular features of skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue in pigs differing in IGF-II genotype

In pigs, a paternally (pat) imprinted mutation in the IGF-II gene is associated with increased muscle mass and decreased backfat thickness. The aim of this study was to determine whether this mutation influenced cellular, biochemical and metabolic features of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Muscle (trapezius) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) were collected from pigs (106kg) carrying (Qpat, n=6) or not carrying (qpat, n=7) the mutation. Adipocytes were isolated from those tissues by collagenase treatment. Lipid content and activity of lipogenic enzymes were determined using standard assays. Gene expression levels were determined by real-time PCR. Levels of IGF-II mRNA were higher (P<0.01) in muscle of Qpat than in that of qpat pigs, but they did not differ significantly between the two groups in SCAT. Whereas levels of IGF-I mRNA in muscle were similar in both groups, they were higher (P<0.05) in SCAT of Qpat pigs than in that of qpat pigs. Muscle lipid content and intramuscular adipocyte diameters were not influenced significantly by the IGF-II genotype. In SCAT, the reduction of backfat thickness in Qpat pigs compared with qpat pigs was associated with lower (P<0.05) lipid content and smaller (P<0.05) adipocytes, with no significant genotype-effects on expressions and/or activities of lipogenic enzymes. In summary, our results suggest that the IGF-II mutation altered body composition in pigs by favoring myofiber hypertrophy and repressing adipose cell development in SCAT.     

Glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) mutation in diverse breeds with polysaccharide storage myopathy

Background: A missense mutation in the GYS1 gene was recently described in horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM).
Objectives: The first objective was to determine the prevalence of the GYS1 mutation in horses with PSSM from diverse breeds. The second objective was to determine if the prevalence of the GYS1 mutation differed between horses diagnosed with PSSM based on grade 1 (typically amylase-sensitive) or grade 2 (typically amylase-resistant) polysaccharide.
Animals: Eight hundred and thirty-one PSSM horses from 36 breeds.
Procedures: Horses with PSSM diagnosed by histopathology of skeletal muscle biopsy samples were identified from the Neuromuscular Disease Laboratory database. Eight hundred and thirty-one cases had blood or tissue that was available for DNA isolation; these 831 cases were genotyped for the GYS1 mutation by restriction fragment length polymorphism.
Results: The PSSM mutation was identified in horses from 17 different breeds. The prevalence of the GYS1 mutation in PSSM horses was high in Draft- (87%) and Quarter Horse-related breeds (72%) and lower in Warmbloods (18%) and other light horse breeds (24%), when diagnosis was based on grade 2 diagnostic criteria. Overall, the PSSM mutation was present in 16% of grade 1 and 70% of grade 2 PSSM horses.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: GYS1 mutation causes PSSM in diverse breeds and is the predominant form of PSSM in Draft- and Quarter Horse-related breeds. False-positive diagnosis, as well as the possibility of a second glycogenosis in horses with neuromuscular disease (type 2 PSSM), might explain the absence of the GYS1 mutation in horses diagnosed with excessive glycogen accumulation in muscle.     

大豆异黄酮对骨骼肌发育的影响及其对动物肉品质的调控作用

大豆异黄酮是一类植物雌激素,对动物机体的调控作用非常广泛。近年来研究发现,大豆异黄酮对动物的骨骼肌发育有很重要的调控作用。本文综述了大豆异黄酮对肌肉能量与蛋白代谢、肌细胞的增殖与分化以及肌纤维类型转化的影响,并进一步探讨了大豆异黄酮对动物肌肉品质的调控作用。     

血清浓度对共培养条件下牛原代肌肉卫星细胞及前体脂肪细胞活性影响

为探索添加血清浓度对共培养条件下细胞活性的影响,本研究采集新生秦川犊牛背最长肌和肾周脂肪,分离提取前体脂肪细胞和肌卫星细胞,建立以DMEM/F12培养基,不同细胞混合比例(肌肉细胞:脂肪细胞=10:1、5:1、2:1)的多种共培养体系,通过调整各共培养体系培养基中的胎牛血清比例(5%、10%、15%、20%的胎牛血清,FBS),来研究血清浓度对各共培养体系中细胞活性的影响。共培养14d,每两天更换对应培养基,并采用MTT染色法测定共培养细胞的细胞活性。统计分析后发现:共培养细胞活性随着血清浓度的上升而增加;15%FBS和20%FBS浓度下细胞活性均显著高于5%FBS组和10%FBS组(P<0.05);虽20%FBS组细胞活性高于15%组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上,为了获得最好的牛肌卫星细胞和前体脂肪细胞共培养效果,达到较高的细胞培养活性,建议采用15%(v/v)以上的FBS进行共培养。     

Morphological indices for canine spermatozoa based on the World Health Organization laboratory manual for human semen

Attempting to contribute to the development of a more objective morphological evaluation of dog spermatozoa, in this study the indices of multiple sperm defects (multiple abnormalities index [MAI]; teratozoospermic index [TZI]; sperm deformity index [SDI]) were calculated following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. In Experiment I, the concordance of MAI, TZI and SDI with the proportions of morphologically normal spermatozoa (MNS) was evaluated in fresh ejaculated spermatozoa (dogs = 47). In Experiment II, the potential role of indices as prognostic values was assessed in spermatozoa of different origin and treatment (fresh ejaculated: n = 6; fresh epididymal: n = 6; frozen‐thawed ejaculated: n = 6) by their correlation with different semen parameters (motility, membrane integrity and acrosome status) and with an in vitro sperm function test. Samples with different proportions of MNS showed different values of SDI, the index that better represented the decline of sperm morphology in both fresh and frozen‐thawed samples (Exp. I and II; p < 0.05). No correlations between indices and semen parameters were observed (Exp. II), but when samples were evaluated collectively, negative correlations (SDI‐motility, p = 0.01; SDI‐acrosome integrity, p = 0.002) were found. Including all the defects of each spermatozoon, SDI might be a useful index during morphological analysis and better discriminates the increase in multiple defects. A more objective morphological evaluation for dog spermatozoa was achieved by the WHO method, and in vitro tests allowed to elucidate the validity of SDI as prognostic indicator of in vitro fertilizing potential.     

牛原代肌肉卫星细胞和前体脂肪细胞不同混合比例共培养细胞活性的比较

为探索不同细胞混合比例对牛原代肌肉卫星细胞和前体脂肪细胞共培养体系细胞活性的影响,本研究采集新生秦川犊牛背最长肌和肾周脂肪,分离提取肌卫星细胞和前体脂肪细胞,采用DMEM/F12培养基,建立不同血清浓度(5%、10%、15%、20%的胎牛血清,FBS)的牛原代肌肉卫星细胞和前体脂肪细胞的共培养体系,然后通过分别调整各共培养体系中肌卫星细胞和前体脂肪细胞的混合比例(肌肉细胞∶脂肪细胞=10∶1、5∶1、2∶1),来研究细胞混合比例对各共培养体系的影响。共培养14d,每两天更换培养基,并采用MTT染色法测定细胞活性。统计分析后发现∶随着共培养体系中前体脂肪细胞比例增加,共培养细胞活性增加;共培养10d以后不同混合比例细胞活性有着显著差异(P<0.05);混合比例为2∶1时共培养细胞活性最高。综上,为了获得最好的牛肌卫星细胞和前体脂肪细胞共培养效果,达到较高的细胞培养活性,建议牛肌卫星细胞和前体脂肪细胞按5∶1或2∶1的混合比例进行共培养。