Inbreeding depression traits in pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai by factorial mating experiments

ABSTRACT:   'Inbreeding depression' may be an avoidable phenomenon for abalone culture. However, only a few studies have been carried out on inbreeding depression. In the present study, using six families produced in 1994, a factorial mating system including inbreeding and outbreeding was constructed in order to demonstrate inbreeding depression traits of the Pacific abalone. In total, 24 inbreeding and 21 outbreeding crosses were produced during three years (1999–2001) and these offspring were reared for approximately one year. Significant differences in fertilization rate and growth were not observed between inbreeding and outbreeding crosses. However, the deformity rate of veliger larvae was always higher in inbreeding crosses than that of outbreeding crosses in all experiments. Moreover, a significantly high deformity rate was observed in some full-sib families of inbreeding. Alternatively, the survival rates of inbreeding crosses were much lower than for outbreeding crosses after about 4 months and one year in two rearing localities. These results indicate that inbreeding depression is observed in the traits of deformity rate and survival, but not in fertilization rate nor growth in the first generation of a full-sib family of the Pacific abalone.     

人工养殖史氏鲟畸形原因探讨

采用原子吸收分光光度法,对骨骼畸形和体型正常的人工养殖史氏鲟脊椎、骨板、鳍条、鳃、肝脏、肾脏、肌肉中锰、铜、铁、镉、铅、锌等的含量进行了检测,并对其分布和积累规律进行了研究。结果表明,畸形和正常史氏鲟身体各部位中重金属的含量无显著性差异(P>0.05),重金属积累不是造成人工养殖史氏鲟畸形的主要原因。畸形和正常人工养殖史氏鲟体内重金属的分布和积累规律基本一致,锰和铅主要分布在脊椎、骨板、鳍条和鳃等骨化组织中;铁和铜在体内主要蓄积在肝脏中;锌和镉在体内的分布较均匀。     

东海发现的贝氏喙鲸

本文首次报道了５０年代末,从舟山沿海捕获的１条贝氏喙鲸,并对其骨骼特征作了简要记述。     

Quantitative genetic properties of four measures of deformity in yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833

The main aim of this study was to estimate the heritability for four measures of deformity and their genetic associations with growth (body weight and length), carcass (fillet weight and yield) and flesh‐quality (fillet fat content) traits in yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi. The observed major deformities included lower jaw, nasal erosion, deformed operculum and skinny fish on 480 individuals from 22 families at Clean Seas Tuna Ltd. They were typically recorded as binary traits (presence or absence) and were analysed separately by both threshold generalized models and standard animal mixed models. Consistency of the models was evaluated by calculating simple Pearson correlation of breeding values of full‐sib families for jaw deformity. Genetic and phenotypic correlations among traits were estimated using a multitrait linear mixed model in ASReml. Both threshold and linear mixed model analysis showed that there is additive genetic variation in the four measures of deformity, with the estimates of heritability obtained from the former (threshold) models on liability scale ranging from 0.14 to 0.66 (SE 0.32–0.56) and from the latter (linear animal and sire) models on original (observed) scale, 0.01–0.23 (SE 0.03–0.16). When the estimates on the underlying liability were transformed to the observed scale (0, 1), they were generally consistent between threshold and linear mixed models. Phenotypic correlations among deformity traits were weak (close to zero). The genetic correlations among deformity traits were not significantly different from zero. Body weight and fillet carcass showed significant positive genetic correlations with jaw deformity (0.75 and 0.95, respectively). Genetic correlation between body weight and operculum was negative (?0.51, P < 0.05). The genetic correlations' estimates of body and carcass traits with other deformity were not significant due to their relatively high standard errors. Our results showed that there are prospects for genetic selection to improve deformity in yellowtail kingfish and that measures of deformity should be included in the recording scheme, breeding objectives and selection index in practical selective breeding programmes due to the antagonistic genetic correlations of deformed jaws with body and carcass performance.     

猪肌肉组织双向电泳分离条件的建立及常见问题分析

为建立和优化猪肌肉组织蛋白质双向电泳技术,从提取方法、加样量、IPG胶条的选择、SDS-PAGE胶浓度、染色方法等多个方面对双向电泳分离效果进行比较研究.结果显示,液氮研磨+超声破碎法提取猪肌肉组织蛋白效果优于液氮研磨法,前者细胞破碎彻底蛋白质溶解性好且核酸污染少,图谱质量较好;18cm pH 4～7的IPG胶条分离效果比pH 3～10非线性IPG胶条好;对于银染,18 cm pH 4～7的IPG胶条150μg上样量比较适宜;同一肌肉样品的三块胶的重复性可达70％以上;同时,对双向电泳过程中的典型问题作了详尽分析.研究结果表明,通过优化的双向电泳条件获得了较高分辨率和较好重复性的猪肌肉组织双向电泳图谱,可用于后续蛋白质组学分析.     

大鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞培养的研究

[目的]探讨在体外条件下骨骼肌卫星细胞纯化、培养、鉴定的方法及确定其生物学特性。[方法]取新生大鼠的小腿肌肉,采用肌组织块和肌细胞培养两种方法。分别用胰蛋白酶对培养中的肌组织块和肌细胞进行消化,采用离心及差速贴壁法纯化,得到更高纯度的大鼠骨骼肌肌卫星细胞,进行体外原代骨骼肌和传代骨骼肌的细胞培养。传至第2代后,用分化培养基诱导分化,观察骨骼肌细胞各个阶段的形态特征并拍照。[结果]此方法分离的细胞成活率较高,体外生长、增殖良好。在分化培养基条件下,细胞分化良好,可融合成肌管。[结论]该实验成功探讨了新生大鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞的分化能力并建立了卫星细胞纯化方法,适用于开展细胞移植和肌组织工程方面的研究。     

Surgical correction of carpal valgus deformity in three alpacas

Two alpaca crias and one 14-month-old alpaca were referred for treatment of bilateral carpal valgus. In one cria, hemi-circumferential periosteal transection and elevation combined with an ulna osteotomy was performed initially without success, however transphyseal bridging with screws and wires was used successfully in both crias to straighten the limbs. As the distal radial and ulna growth plates had closed in the 14-month-old alpaca, bilateral wedge ostectomies of the distal radius and transfixation casts were used to straighten and stabilise the limbs. The ostectomy sites healed and the alpaca is ambulatory, although carpal flexion is significantly reduced. Until the relationship between the growth rate of crias and the success of hemicircumferential periosteal transection and elevation and ulna osteotomy is established, transphyseal bridging may provide a more reliable result in crias with carpal valgus deformity and open physes. Wedge ostectomy and application of a transfixation cast can be used to correct severe carpal valgus deformities in alpacas with closed physes.     

禽的骨骼畸形

骨骼畸形造成严重的经济损失令养禽业者非常头疼.在减少骨骼畸形的发病率方面已有不少研究,本文将禽的骨骼畸形分为非传染性和传染性进行综述.这些畸形若能得到正确及时处理均可控制,这将减少养禽业的经济损失,提高生产效益.     

Emerging and re-emerging viruses of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)

Until the late 1980s, specific viral infections of the honey bee were generally considered harmless in all countries. Then, with the worldwide introduction of the ectoparasite mite Varroa destructor, beekeepers encountered increasing difficulties in maintaining their colonies. Epidemiological surveys and laboratory experiments have demonstrated that the newly acquired virulence of several viruses belonging to the family Dicistroviridae (acute bee paralysis virus, Kashmir bee virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus) in Europe and the USA had been observed in relation with V. destructor acting as a disseminator of these viruses between and within bee colonies and as an activator of virus multiplication in the infected individuals: bee larvae and adults. Equal emphasis is given to deformed wing virus (DWV) belonging to the Iflaviridae. Overt outbreaks of DWV infections have been shown to be linked to the ability of V. destructor to act not only as a mechanical vector of DWV but also as a biological vector. Its replication in mites prior to its vectoring into pupae seemed to be necessary and sufficient for the induction of a overt infection in pupae developing in non-viable bees with deformed wings. DWV in V. destructor infested colonies is now considered as one of the key players of the final collapse. Various approaches for combating bee viral diseases are described: they include selection of tolerant bees, RNA interference and prevention of new pathogen introduction. None of these approaches are expected to lead to enhanced bee-health in the short term.