First report of oospore formation in Plasmopara viticola,the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew,in highland regions of southern Brazil

This work evaluates the formation of oospores of Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grape downy mildew (DM), in highland regions in southern Brazil. Leaves of susceptible and resistant grape genotypes naturally infected with the pathogen were collected in the autumn of 2017, 2018, and 2019 from vineyards located in the highlands of Santa Catarina state. Leaf tissues were evaluated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Oospores of P. viticola were identified in both susceptible and resistant host genotypes. They were concentrated in the central regions of the DM lesions, close to the leaf veins, and exhibited a rounded shape, yellowish colour, thick wall, and a diameter ranging from 16.28 to 49.15 µm. The formation of oospores is strong evidence that sexual reproduction is occurring in P. viticola in the climatic conditions of the highlands of southern Brazil. Sexual reproduction contributes to the maximization of genetic diversity via meiosis. Populations with high genetic variability are more likely to break resistance mechanisms conferred by resistance genes and to develop resistance to fungicides applied for disease control. To our knowledge, this is the first scientific study to prove the formation of P. viticola oospores in Brazil. The results presented provide a solid basis for further studies on sexual recombination in P. viticola. Genetic improvement programmes for grapevines, disease management methods, and disease prediction models need to consider the sexual reproduction of this pathogen, otherwise their effectiveness may be compromised.     

花生果腐病拮抗菌贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Hsg1949鉴定与防效

花生果腐病是由复合病原真菌引起的病害,直接严重影响花生的产量和品质。为筛选花生果腐病的生防微生物,以花生果腐病主要病原菌镰孢菌为靶标菌,采用稀释涂布平板法和平板对峙培养法,在花生根际土壤中筛选到一株对镰孢菌具有拮抗作用的生防细菌Hsg1949。经形态学观察、Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统及16S rDNA和gyrA序列构建系统发育树等综合分析,鉴定菌株Hsg1949为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌。菌株Hsg1949对3株镰孢菌分离株具有稳定的的拮抗活性,继代培养40代时,对3株镰孢菌的抑菌率分别为77.0%、69.7%和61.9%,与初始菌株F0代的抑菌活性无显著差异。其无菌上清液活性物质耐高温,耐强酸但不耐强碱,在pH 11的环境下拮抗活性显著降低。田间试验结果表明,Hsg1949菌悬液2×10⁸和5×10⁸cfu/mL可显著降低花生果腐病发病率,对花生果腐病的防治效果分别为66.54%和71.27%,与化学药剂多菌灵防效（75.11%）相当。菌株Hsg1949对花生白绢病菌、棉花立枯病菌、棉花枯萎病菌和棉花黄萎病菌也具有较强的拮抗作用,在植物真菌病害的生物防治中将具有较大的应用潜力。     

方斑东风螺和波部东风螺的性畸变及其对生殖的影响

从1999年11月至2002年4月，于福建及广东沿海采集方斑东风螺（Babylonia areolata)和波部东风螺(B.formosae habei)成年个体，活体解剖并显微观察，发现正常雌雄结构特征与以往报道一致。解剖观察显示，2种东风螺都有不同程度的性畸变，并且在性畸变的初期阶段有3种不同的发展方式。其中，波部东风螺的性畸变程度可以达到雌性不育的程度，同时其卵巢的发育也受到明显的抑制。性腺的切片观察表明，正常雌雄个体分别能形成成熟的卵细胞和精子，而性畸变严重的个体则无法生成成熟的卵细胞。本研究旨在探讨东风螺性畸变现象的特征及性畸变现象对东风螺的自然种群和人工养殖可能造成的影响。     

冷藏大黄鱼货架期预测模型的建立和评价

建立和验证了用于预测冷藏养殖大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)鲜度和剩余货架期的特定腐败菌生长动力学模型。感官、VBN评价和微生物生长动态分析表明,大黄鱼在0℃、5℃、10℃时有氧贮藏的特定腐败菌假单胞菌(Pseudomonasspp.)在感官货架期终点菌数NS(CFU.g-1)的对数(lgNS)平均值为6.48±0.14。将获得的假单胞菌在0℃、5℃、10℃的生长实验值用于建立生长动力学模型,结果显示,最大菌数Nmax(CFU.g-1)受贮藏温度的影响不大,在3种温度下lgNmax为7.18±0.031。温度对最大比生长速率(μmax)和延滞时间(Lag)的影响,采用Belehradek方程描述,呈现良好线性关系,R2分别为0.991和0.996。获得0~10℃有氧贮藏大黄鱼的剩余货架期(SL)预测模型为:SL=1/(0.093 8T+0.086)2-(7.18-lgN0)/[2.718×(0.009 6T+0.082 8)2]×ln-ln(6.48-lgN0)/(7.18-lgN0)-1(T为贮藏温度,N0为初始假单胞菌数)。用大黄鱼贮藏在3℃和8℃的货架期实测值验证建立的模型,预测值和实测值的相对误差分别为-8.89%和-6.59%,显示建立的模型可以快速可靠地实时预测0~10℃有氧贮藏大黄鱼的鲜度和剩余货架期。     

红豆草中单宁的分光光度法测定

本文筛选出乙醇溶液(乙醇:水=1:4)浸提红豆草中单宁,浸提率高;浸提液与FD(Folin—Denis)试剂显色,用分光光度法测定其含量,回收率达100.6±2.3％;用回归分析处理数据具有简单、准确、快速的优点。     

福州宦溪野生蕉（Musa spp.，AB group）CHUP1基因克隆及其生物信息学分析

CHUP1(chloroplast unusual positioning 1)参与了叶绿体移动信号转导过程,对植物避免光伤害及提高光合效率方面具有重要作用,并且与植物抗寒性有密切关系.本研究以福州宦溪野生蕉(Musa spp.AB group)叶片为材料,采用同源克隆的方法,分离出CHUP1基因cDNA和DNA序列,GenBank登录号分别为JX123753、JX880084,命名为Mu-CHUP1.Mu-CHUP1 cDNA全长3232 bp,ORF 2931 bp,编码976个氨基酸.福州宦溪野生蕉Mu-CHUP1 cDNA序列与小果野蕉(M.acuminata,AA Group)全基因组测序中的CHUP1 cDNA序列的相似性为84.71％;福州宦溪野生蕉Mu-CHUP10RF的DNA序列含8个内含子、9个外显子,而小果野蕉全基因组测序中的CHUP1基因组DNA序列则有11个内含子、12个外显子,两者相差较大.生物信息学预测分析表明,Mu-CHUP1磷酸化位点多达62个,并且含有3个保守结构域,可能与其行使多样性的功能有关.     

高牛鞭草（Hemarthria altissima）及其近缘种种质资源SCoT多样性分析

利用SCoT标记对来源于四大洲的46份牛鞭草（Hemarthria spp.）种质资源[包括36份高牛鞭草（Hemarthria altissima）、8份扁穗牛鞭草（Hemarthria compressa）及2份Hemarthria uncinata]的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行了研究。从48条SCoT引物中筛选出条带清晰、多态性好和重复性好的22条,对46份牛鞭草（Hemarthria spp.）种质资源进行扩增。结果表明：共获得597条带,多态性比率（PPB）为89.1％,平均每条引物扩增多态性条带24.3条,多态信息含量（PIC）范围为0.443~0.877,平均0.623。46份牛鞭草种质资源平均Nei's基因多样性指数为0.273,平均Shannon信息指数为0.486,表明46份牛鞭草种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性。供试材料间的遗传相似系数介于0.611~0.943之间,聚类分析和主成分分析结果高度相似,基本将供试材料按牛鞭草种类及地理来源分为4大类,表明46份牛鞭草种质资源的遗传多样性与牛鞭草种类及其地理来源具有一定的相关性。可见,SCoT能用于牛鞭草种质资源遗传多样性研究,是一种有效的分子标记。本研究将有利于牛鞭草种质资源的收集及评价利用。     

液态培养红曲霉产洛伐他汀开闭环组分的研究

对红曲霉产开环莫纳可林 K 及闭环洛伐他丁的液态发酵工艺进行研究,探讨不同培养基成分和发酵条件对产洛伐他丁开闭环组分的影响。结果表明,最佳的变温培养方法是先30℃培养2 d 后再26℃培养7 d ,产生的开环莫纳可林 K 的比例可达87％,比26℃恒温培养的提高了2.63倍。当培养基中添加8％木糖、3％蛋白胨、0.2％ NaNO3、0.2％ KH2 PO4、0.35％ MgSO4,在接种量6％,摇床转速160 r ？ min -1,采用变温培养方法,得到的洛伐他汀类物质的产量最高,且开环莫纳可林 K 含量比基本培养基的提高了18倍。     

防治河南省玉米青枯病的药剂筛选

[目的]筛选有效防治河南省玉米青枯病的药剂。[方法]采用药剂拌种方法,研究了10种药剂对河南省原阳、漯河两地玉米青枯病的防治效果。[结果]河南省玉米青枯病的主要侵染病原为禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum),主要药剂苯醚甲环唑、氟菌唑等三唑类杀菌剂对青枯病的防效较好,其他药剂的防效一般。[结论]为河南省玉米青枯病的防治提供了参考。     

Problems and Perspectives of Yam-Based Cropping Systems in Africa

SUMMARY

Yams (Dioscorea spp.) constitute an important starchy staple in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where food security for a growing population is a critical issue. Mixed cropping in yam based systems is the norm in the region and productivity of yams in these systems is below potential. It is concluded that there is much scope for improvement of yam based cropping systems in SSA in order to meet the needs of the region. The strategy of crop breeding to select yam varieties suitable for various cropping systems must consider a truly multidisciplinary systems approach. Further manipulation must be made to tuber dormancy to expand flexibility in field propagation in different cropping systems and improve storage and marketing. The sustainability of yam based cropping systems in SSA could improve if agronomic research was focused on strategies for improving soil fertility, weed and pest management including design of cropping systems and suitable rotations.