十足目虹彩病毒1的研究进展

虾虹彩病毒病是一种感染甲壳类的急性、传染性疾病,其病原为虹彩病毒科的一个新属即十足目虹彩病毒属的十足目虹彩病毒1 (Decapod iridescent virus 1,DIV1)。DIV1传播速率快、宿主范围广、致死率高,近年来在对虾养殖过程中广泛流行,给我国对虾养殖业造成巨大经济损失。目前,对DIV1引发的虾虹彩病毒病的病原学、病理学、流行病学、检测诊断等方面已开展了部分研究,但对病毒感染的分子机制、宿主的应答规律等还知之甚少。本文对DIV1的发现过程、分类地位、形态特征、感染特性、机体响应机制、基因组信息、宿主范围、传播途径及检测方法等方面的最新研究进展进行了综述,阐述了疾病防控及未来展望,以期为虾虹彩病毒病的深入研究及有效防控提供参考。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定巢湖水产品中抗生素残留量

[目的]了解巢湖湖区鱼虾体内抗生素的残留现状.[方法]从湖区渔船和岸边集市采集鱼虾样品22份,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进行抗生素检测.[结果]磺胺类、喹诺酮类和四环素类15种抗生素共有5种抗生素被检出,分别为磺胺嘧啶、磺胺氯达嗪、洛美沙星、恩洛沙星和氧氟沙星,平均浓度为0.21～1.94 μg/kg,均未超过食品中抗生素限量标准.22份样品中检出抗生素较多的是河虾、白米虾和鲤鱼等底栖杂食性鱼类.[结论]巢湖湖区水产品中抗生素残留水平较低,符合食品安全标准.     

虾壳中虾青素提取工艺条件的确定及优化

为探讨南美白对虾虾壳中天然虾青素的提取工艺,试验通过比较不同的前处理方式、溶剂类型及提取次数对提取率的影响,确定酸浸泡脱钙前处理、乙醇溶剂提取及二次浸提等工艺技术。进一步通过单因素试验和正交试验进行条件优化,获得乙醇提取虾青素的最佳工艺参数为料液比1：10、pH3.0、温度60℃、时间3.5 h。在此条件下,虾类加工副产物中的天然虾青素提取率为271.3 μg·g-1。     

Epidemiological Investigation of Brackish Water Culture Systems in West Bengal,India

An epidemiological investigation was done in brackish water culture systems in three coastal districts of West Bengal. A total of 198 farms were randomly surveyed with a structured questionnaire. The data showed that there was a significant difference in outbreak of white spot disease (WSD) (p < 0.01), shell-associated problems (p < 0.01), and gill-associated problems (p < 0.05) among the culture systems. Among all systems, stunted and uneven growth and white fecal disease (only in shrimp monoculture) were the dominant emerging disorders. WSD remained the most prevalent disease. Some farms tested (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) positive for WSD, but the animals were apparently healthy. Chlorination, use of PCR screening, application of immunostimulants, and strict bio-security measures play major roles in containing disease outbreaks.     

Effect of different biofloc levels on microbial activity,water quality and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in a tank system operated with no water exchange

In zero-exchange superintensive culture systems, flocculated particles (bioflocs) accumulate in the water column. Consequently, some control over the concentration of these particles must be performed. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of three concentrations of bioflocs on microbial activity, selected water quality indicators and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in a tank system operated with no water exchange. A 44-day study was conducted with juvenile (6.8 g) shrimp stocked in twelve 850 L tanks at a stocking density of 459 shrimp m⁻³. Biofloc levels were expressed as three presets of total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations, as follows: 200 mg L⁻¹ (T200), 400–600 mg L⁻¹ (T400–600), and 800–1000 mg L⁻¹ (T800–1000). TSS levels were controlled by attaching a 40 L settling tank to each culture tank. Reduction of TSS to concentrations close to 200 mg L⁻¹ decreased the time of bacterial cell residence and significantly reduced the nitrification rates in the water (P < 0.05). The tanks in the T200 treatment had a greater variability of ammonia and nitrite (P < 0.05), which led to the need to increase the C:N ratio of the organic substrate to control ammonia through its assimilation into heterotrophic bacterial biomass. But the higher production of heterotrophic bacteria in T200 (P < 0.05) increased the dissolved oxygen demand. Nitrification rates were higher (P < 0.05) in tanks with TSS concentrations above 400 mg L⁻¹, and ammonia and nitrite were significantly lower than in the T200 tanks. We suggest that ammonia and nitrite in the T400–600 and T800–1000 tanks were controlled primarily by nitrifying bacteria, which provided higher stability of these parameters and of dissolved oxygen. Regarding shrimp performance, the reduction of TSS to levels close to 200 mg L⁻¹ was associated with better nutritional quality of bioflocs. Nevertheless, differences in biofloc levels and nutritional quality were not sufficient to affect the weight gain by shrimp. The rate of shrimp survival and the final shrimp biomass were lower (P < 0.05) when the TSS concentrations were higher than 800 mg L⁻¹. Analysis of the shrimps’ gills showed a higher degree of occlusion in the T800–1000 treatment (P < 0.05), which suggests that the shrimp have an intolerance to environments with a solids concentration above 800 mg L⁻¹. Our results show that intermediate levels of bioflocs (TSS between 400 and 600 mg L⁻¹) appear to be more suitable to superintensive culture of L. vannamei since they create factors propitious for maintaining the system’s productivity and stability     

南麂列岛海洋自然保护区的虾类种类组成和数量分布

根据2013年11月、2014年2月、5月、9月在南麂列岛海洋自然保护区开展渔业资源调查所获得的虾类调查资料,将生物量作为虾类资源分布的数量指标,对南麂列岛海洋自然保护区的虾类种类组成、数量分布、优势种变化,及其与环境因子的关系等进行了研究。结果如下:(1)调查海域共鉴定出虾类25种,隶属于9科17属,虾类生物量各季节由高到低依次为夏季(32358.0 g)、秋季(13033.0 g)、冬季(3938.6 g)、春季(3635.6 g);(2)虾类数量分布季节变化明显,且岛礁区偏外的开阔海域虾类生物量比较高;(3)不同季节优势种更替较显著,春季优势种为日本鼓虾、鲜明鼓虾和细巧仿对虾,夏季优势种为哈氏仿对虾和中华管鞭虾,秋季优势种为中华管鞭虾、细巧仿对虾和哈氏仿对虾,冬季的优势种为细巧仿对虾、脊尾白虾、鲜明鼓虾和日本鼓虾;(4)水深对虾类生物量分布影响明显,各季节虾类生物量与环境因子相关性关系变化较大。结论认为,南麂列岛调查海域的虾类种类以季节性的广温广盐性种类为主;主要优势种生物量夏秋两季明显高于冬春两季,可能是因为大量虾类冬春季离开该海域去其他海域越冬繁殖,而到了夏秋季则回到该海域产卵、育肥和栖息;在夏、秋、冬季沿岸区虾类生物量高于岩礁区,可能因为虾类一般生活于有利于索饵、成长的泥沙底质沿岸区;优势种更替显著与主要优势种生长周期与虾类个体大小特征有关;南麂列岛海域虾类生物量与环境因子关系复杂与该海域多变的温度盐度、复杂区系特点有关;虾类生物量分布随水深变化分布明显,这主要是由于调查海域主要优势种虾类活动范围与水深有关。     

Biological Silages from Tunisian Shrimp and Octopus By-Products

Biological silages were prepared from shrimp head and octopus viscera by-products recuperated from the Tunisian seafood industry. Physical and biochemical changes and microbiological profiles were determined for raw materials during fermentation and on end-products. Results showed that biological silage significantly affected (p < 0.05) moisture, protein, and ash contents of shrimp head (CSHS) and octopus viscera silages (COVS). CSHS and COVS were stable, and their final pH values were 4.31 ± 0.01 and 3.71 ± 0.00, respectively. Proteolysis activity was confirmed by a significant increase (p < 0.05) of soluble nitrogen and low molecular weight of protein (<260 Da) found on the end-products for both silages. Lipid oxidation was delayed by addition of 150 ppm ethoxyquin to the raw material prior to fermentation. Biogenic amines detected in raw shrimp and octopus samples decreased significantly (p < 0.05) during the silage process. Histamine and tyramine, detected at high levels on octopus viscera, were absent in the end-products. Tyramine was produced in CSHS, indicating the possibility of the bacterial decarboxylation of tyrosine. Microbiological profiles showed that both silage products were free from pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Therefore, biological silage can be used as a conservation procedure of shrimp and octopus by-products. The storage period could be shorter than 30 days, and further analysis should be carried out to ascertain safety and nutritional value of silage products.     

Effect of shrimp farming organic waste on food availability for deposit feeder crabs in a mangrove estuary, based on stable isotope analysis

We have investigated the impact of shrimp farming waste on benthic invertebrates in a mangrove estuary in southern Thailand. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were used to assess the contribution of aquaculture feed as a nutrient source for benthic invertebrates (fiddler crabs Uca annulipes, U. bengali, and U. forcipata) and to compare the organic origin of sediments in tributaries with and without a shrimp farm. The isotopic contributions of shrimp feed to crabs varied between the tributaries: in the tributary with the farm, the crabs had higher contributions from shrimp feed, whereas there was only a small contribution from aquaculture feed in crabs from the reference tributary. In contrast, the contribution of shrimp feed to the sediment did not differ between the tributaries, the contributions to sediments from aquaculture feed were, in general, quite low. Based on these results, we suggest that, in mangrove estuaries, changes in the food sources of several surface feeder invertebrates would be an effective indicator of the possibility that aquaculture waste was affecting the benthic ecosystem.     

Determining the bottom soil sampling rate in shrimp ponds using variograms

In aquaculture, methods for collecting soil, that represent the mean concentrations of its constituents are not well established. We use the variogram technique to determine the distance between two locations where soil phosphorous is no longer correlated. Using this technique, we estimate that samples need to be taken between 15 and 20 m apart to compose a composite sample that represents the average amount of phosphorus in the soil of four Texas shrimp ponds. Broad spatial trends in phosphorus levels are observed and the trend is qualitatively common to all four ponds. The similarities among three of the four ponds suggest that the results are applicable to similarly managed shrimp ponds in Texas, and elsewhere throughout the world.     

我国一株新型黄头病毒的分子流行病学

为查明黄头病毒(Yellow Head Virus,YHV)在我国的存在和变异情况,本研究采用世界动物卫生组织(OIE)《水生动物诊断手册》中YHV套式RT-PCR检测方法对2012-2014年采集的299份样品进行了YHV监测,并对部分YHV阳性样品基因进行了克隆测序及系统发育分析.流行病学调查显示,299份样品中YHV的阳性率为11％,我国养殖的中国明对虾、凡纳滨对虾、日本囊对虾以及罗氏沼虾的部分样品中均检出了YHV,中国明对虾和罗氏沼虾是本次调查中新发现的YHV自然宿主,而且YHV在中国明对虾中的检出率最高.对6份较强阳性样品YHV基因组ORF1b内1002 bp的分型片段进行克隆测序和序列分析,序列比对结果显示,阳性样品的YHV与国外报道的YHV的6个基因型相似度为81.0％-90.5％;系统发育分析显示,6份阳性样品归于同一分支,但与已知YHV的6个基因型均不在同一分支内,其与YHV基因1型(YHV-1)亲缘关系较近.对阳性样品YHV基因组ORF3内编码gp116蛋白的一段序列进行克隆测序,得出其序列长度为509 bp,与YHV-1a的545 bp、YHV-1b的383 bp和YHV-2(即鳃联病毒GAV)的476 bp均不同;依据该片段构建的系统发育树显示,6份阳性样品归于同一分支,与YHV已知的6个基因型不同,与YHV-1亲缘关系较近,且与YHV-1a相似度大于YHV-1b.对其中两份样品的ORF2序列进行比对显示,两份样品序列相似性为99.8％,蛋白序列完全相同,与YHV-1的序列相似度为85.9％,与YHV-2相似性为80.9％.样品调查结果对增补YHV的宿主范围有重要意义;YHV核酸检测和序列比对结果表明,感染我国养殖对虾的YHV为一种新的致病株型.