An online operational alert system for the early detection of shrimp epidemics at the regional level based on real-time production

Diseases are among the greatest threats affecting the sustainability of shrimp aquaculture. In Ecuador, diseases of cultured shrimp have been quickly transmitted from one region to another. Therefore, an early detection system of impending epidemics could serve as an important management tool for the aquaculture sector. We developed a system for the early detection of shrimp epidemics for the largest shrimp zone of Ecuador based on production surveillance. The system, called Epidemiological Alert System and Aquaculture Management (SAEMA), uses a geographical information system (GIS) with an imaginary grid cartography (12,860 ha per grid) dividing the study area. A production and management index is calculated with the harvest data of each pond. A standardized deviation around the historical averages and an alert level is calculated per grid and month. Normal conditions of production and therefore the absence of disease are depicted in green and yellow. While, orange and red colours express a disease warning manifested through suboptimal production levels. As a result, a map of the study area with grid divisions is displayed, with a specific alert colour for each grid where information is available. SAEMA was developed as a Web application (http://www.saema.espol.edu.ec) that enables producers to record data via a worksheet format using any web browser. Instantaneously, the applications perform a calculation of the alert index and provide feedback to the alert levels displayed in an interactive map. A feedback process was initiated in May 2006 with 19 participating shrimp farms. The objective of this research is to develop a platform for an early detection of shrimp epidemics on a regional scale. The detection of an epidemic, expressed as suboptimal production in a specific region, can provide producers from other zones and government authorities to engage in time preventive and control measures in order to reduce the spread of diseases.     

基于LF-NMR的压力和温度对鲜虾水分状态的影响

以新鲜南美白对虾为样品,利用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)研究超高压处理对样品中水分存在状态的影响,并与热处理样品进行比较。超高压处理的压力范围为100~600 MPa,保压时间10 min,传压介质温度25℃;热处理温度分别为40、60和90℃,处理时间为10 min。试验结果表明:超高压处理和热处理都不同程度地改变了样品中不同水分状态的相对含量和横向弛豫时间。当处理压力在100 MPa以上或温度在60℃以上时,样品中水分都诱导产生一种束缚力更强的强结合水(弛豫时间位于0.1~1 ms);与样品持水力紧密相关的不易流动水,其含量受压力影响较小,但随着热处理温度的提高而显著下降,表明超高压处理比热处理能更好地保持样品的持水性。     

舟山群岛以东沿岸海域虾类资源状况及其多样性分析

依据2018年4月和11月在舟山群岛以东沿岸海域开展的渔业资源调查所获得的虾类资料,应用相对重要性指数公式、生物多样性指数、ABC曲线等方法,对虾类的种类组成、物种多样性、优势种、种类的空间分布、丰度/生物量等进行研究。经鉴定,本次调查共捕获虾类32种,隶属于10科21属。春季(4月)出现的虾类共有22种,隶属于9科16属;秋季(11月)共有29种虾类,隶属于9科20属,出现种类较多。两季共出现虾类19种。秋季虾类的种类数高于春季,秋季有哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hardwickii)和中华管鞭虾(Solenocera crassicornis) 2种优势种,春季无优势种出现。秋季生物多样性指数与丰富度指数的平均值高于春季,而均匀度指数则相反,秋季小于春季。ABC曲线的W值春季小于0,秋季大于0,表明春季群落结构受到较大程度的干扰,秋季群落结构受到干扰的程度较小。春、秋季ABC曲线末端均有重叠,表明舟山群岛以东沿岸海域虾类群落遭到一定程度的破坏。     

基于Deep Forest算法的对虾急性肝胰腺坏死病(AHPND)预警数学模型构建

为预报池塘养殖凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei)急性肝胰腺坏死病(AHPND)的发生,自2020年开始,笔者对凡纳对虾养殖区开展了连续监测工作,包括与疾病发生相关的环境理化因子、微生物因子、虾体自身健康状况等18个候选预警因子指标,通过数据标准化处理后分析病原、宿主与环境之间的相关性,对候选预警因子进行筛选,基于Python语言编程结合Deep Forest、LightGBM、XGBoost算法进行数据建模和预测性能评判,仿真环境为Python2.7,以预警因子指标作为输入样本(即警兆),以对虾是否发病指标作为输出结果(即警情),根据输入样本和输出结果各自建立输入数据矩阵和目标数据矩阵,利用原始数据矩阵对输入样本进行初始化,结合函数方程进行拟合,拟合的源代码能利用已知环境、病原及对虾免疫指标数据对目标警情进行预测。最终建立了基于Deep Forest算法的虾体(肝胰腺内)细菌总数、虾体弧菌(Vibrio)占比、水体细菌总数和盐度的4维向量预警预报模型,准确率达89.00%。本研究将人工智能算法应用到对虾AHPND发生的预测预报,相关研究结果为对虾AHPND疾病预警预报建立了预警数学模型,并为对虾健康养殖和疾病防控提供了技术支撑和有力保障。     

小球藻与芽孢杆菌对对虾养殖水质调控作用的研究

通过在凡纳滨对虾养殖水体中添加小球藻和芽孢杆菌,研究其对养殖水质的调控作用。结果表明,小球藻和芽孢杆菌联合处理组对水质的调控效果优于只添加芽孢杆菌组或小球藻组。菌-藻联合处理组能很好地降低水体中氮、磷的含量,对氨氮的作用尤为明显;实验进行的第5天内,NH4 -N含量显著低于对照组(P<0·05),降低率为32·94%,NO2--N降低率为10·29%,PO34--P降低率为36·02%。小球藻 芽孢杆菌组NH4 -N含量平均为0·277mg/L,日均积累速率0·0135mg/L·d,而对照组为0·0472mg/L·d;NO2--N平均含量为0·334mg/L,日均积累速率为0·0617mg/L·d。小球藻在调控水质的同时也向水体释放有机物,从而引起水体COD的上升。     

Assessment of standard aeration efficiency of different aerators and its relation to the overall economics in shrimp culture

Aerators are essential for maintaining the dissolved oxygen level in shrimp culture operations. Many types of aerators are promoted as suitable for shrimp culture, but their comparative efficiencies and water circulation patterns are least understood. The aerators viz, modified paddlewheel, Scorpion jet, Venture jet, Wavesurge were evaluated to compare the standard aeration efficiency at different saline conditions with the commonly used paddle wheel. The modified paddlewheel had the highest mean aeration efficiency of 2.018 kg O₂/ kWh at 35‰, followed by the paddlewheel with 1.434 kg O₂/ kWh at 20‰ water salinity. Compared to this, the Scorpion jet and the Wavesurge have shown the highest aeration efficiency of 0.667 and 0.412 kg O₂/ kWh at 20 and 35‰ water salinities, respectively, whereas the Venture jet has given only. The aerator's performance was better at medium water salinities (20 and 35‰) than low (5‰) or high saline (50‰) conditions. In addition to aeration, the paddlewheel aerator has given the maximum water circulation speed 3 ft/sec and coverage distance of 24 m. The cost economics were derived by keeping all other expenses constant except aeration associated costs. The internal rate of returns in shrimp culture with a modified paddle wheel was 127 % compared to the commonly used paddle wheel (120 %). However, the scorpion and wavesurge aerators have shown returns of 47 % and 27 % respectively across the salinities. The selection and sizing of aerators based on the biomass and efficiency of the aeration systems can make considerable headway in decreasing the cost of production and energy use.     

Optimization of Ozonated Water Treatment of Wild-Caught and Mechanically Peeled Shrimp Meat

ABSTRACT

Ozone is a USFDA and USDA approved food contact sanitizing agent and has been used in the seafood industry in both gaseous and dissolved forms to destroy bacteria. The wild harvest shrimp industry is the most economically important fishery in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico region, and in Louisiana the majority of the harvest is mechanically peeled and frozen. Dissolved ozone was measured in processing water at product application to study the optimization of ozonated water treatment for reducing microbial contamination of peeled shrimp meat. Shrimp samples were either sprayed or soaked in water with 1, 2, and 3 ppm dissolved ozone. Treatment times of 20, 40, and 60 seconds were investigated for all applications and concentrations. Similar volumes of water were applied for all treatments, and soaking showed greater bacterial reduction than spray treatments for all time and concentration combinations studied. Soaking in 3 ppm dissolved ozone for 40 s and 60 s showed the greatest reduction of total aerobic bacteria, and 60 s at 3 ppm resulted in the greatest reduction of Pseudomonas bacteria. Ozonated water treatment did not produce oxidation in the shrimp samples. The optimal treatment of soaking shrimp in 3 ppm dissolved ozone for 60 s will be used for further investigations of refrigerated shelf life extension and Listeria monocytogenes destruction in peeled shrimp meat.     

免疫增强剂在虾类养殖上的应用现状和研究进展

从介绍虾类的免疫系统出发，阐述了虾类免疫增强剂的发展概况，对免疫增强剂在虾类养殖上的应用进行了总结和概括，并阐述了虾类免疫增强剂研究存在的问题和发展趋势。     

虾油和蟹油的理化特性研究

[目的]研究以螃蟹壳和虾头为原料提取的蟹油和虾油的理化特性。[方法]在常温和煎炸条件下,测定比较芝麻香油、豆油、虾油和蟹油的酸值、碘值和过氧化值,并对4种油的外观变化进行分析。[结果]试验表明,虾油和螃蟹油在常温下新鲜度高,在煎炸条件下氧化稳定性比豆油和芝麻香油稍差,且在煎炸40min后失去特征优势;在感官评价中,虾油和螃蟹油综合得分较高,但在油炸条件下优势不明显。[结论]研究可为虾油和蟹油的综合开发利用提供参考依据。     

几种对虾池塘放养模式的生态效益评价

从生态效益角度对我国对虾池塘的几种放养模式进行了评价，综合放养模式符合生态平衡、物种共生互利以及对物质多层次利用等生态学原理，较之于单品种放养模式具有较高的生态效益，在我国具有强大的生命力和广阔的发展前景。