Ge-Gallein-CPC显色体系的研究

本文研究了在表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＣ） 存在下, 以茜素紫为显色剂测定微量锗的反应条件和络合物组成。试验表明, 络合物在５４０ｎｍ 处有最大吸收, 方法灵敏可靠。在试验酸度下（ｐＨ＝ １－８～２－４） , 大部分常见元素不干扰测定, 适合于煤灰及合金中微量锗的测定     

两种壳色虾夷扇贝的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术对两种壳色虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis的遗传多样性和遗传结构及其分化进行研究。用筛选出的22个随机引物对白色贝和褐色贝各40个个体进行RAPD扩增,进行群体内及群体间的遗传学分析。白色贝共检测出128个多态位点,多态位点的比例为79．5％,Shannon遗传多样性指数为0．424;褐色贝共检测出127个多态位点,多态位点的比例为78．9％,Shannon遗传多样性指数为0．423。白色贝和褐色贝之间的遗传相似性指数和遗传距离为0．961和0．039,二者之间的遗传分化指数Gst为0．052,遗传分化的程度较低。结果表明,白色贝和褐色贝之间的等位基因频率、多态位点的比例和遗传多样性等的差别不明显,遗传变异主要来自于群体内。S285—1在褐色贝大部分个体中都能获得扩增片段,但在白色贝所有个体中均未见这个位点的扩增片段,推断S285—1为白色贝的特异阴性片段。     

Bleeding of anaesthetized and exhausted Atlantic salmon: body cavity inspection and residual blood in pre‐rigor and smoked fillets as determined by various analytical methods

The bleeding efficiency of anaesthetized and exhausted Atlantic salmon was studied. Unbled fish were used as control groups for both treatments. Several analytical methods (computer vision, Minolta Chroma Meter, transflectance spectroscopy, haemoglobin iron and visual assessment of smoked fillets) were used to evaluate colour or residual blood contents of pre‐rigor and smoked fillets. In all cases, the amount of residual blood in the fillets was modest and blood was not considered a quality problem in terms of fillet appearance. Perimortem stress did not affect residual blood contents of pre‐rigor fillets. Only salting and smoking had a significant effect on filet colour. The low levels of residual blood was partly attributed to filleting shortly after killing allowing washing before the blood had time to coagulate. In addition, a computer vision method was developed for automated blood inspection of the body cavity after gutting and washing. A classifier (‘no blood’ or ‘blood present’) based on linear discriminant analysis was tested and the classification accuracy was over 90% as evaluated with the leave‐one‐out method.     

Marine and freshwater crab meals in diets for red porgy (Pagrus pagrus): effect on growth,fish composition and skin colour

River crab (RC) meal (Procambarus clarkii) and marine crab (MC) meal (Chaceon affinis) were tested as a partial replacement for fish meal in diets for red porgy (Pagrus pagrus), and their effects on growth performance, fish proximate composition and skin colouration were evaluated. Red porgy were fed during 165 days with five diets. High‐quality fish meal diet was used as a control diet (CD). Protein of fish meal in the control was replaced by increasing the dietary levels of protein derived from RC and MC by up to 10% and 20% of each of them (RC10, RC20, MC10 and MC20). Fish fed on MC20 showed the highest values in feed intake, weight gain and growth (%). No differences were found in FCR and protein efficiency ratio among the treatments. Inclusion of both crab meals in diets significantly decreased the lipid content in whole fish compared with the control animals. On the other hand, no differences in muscle composition were found between the diets. Feeding both crab meals resulted in colour improvement compared with that of the control fish, with better hue values for the RC meal group than those for the MC meal group. The crab meals tested in the present study are suitable as a partial replacement for fish meal in diets for the red porgy, with the MC meal improving growth and both crabs meals improving skin colour, with further improvements in skin colour produced in fish‐fed diets containing the RC meal.     

The effects of the tank colour on growth performance and physiological responses in fingerling grouper,Epinephelus coioides

In this study, the effects of different background colours on growth performance and physiological parameters of Epinephelus coioides were investigated. One hundred eighty E. coioides (average weight 18.16 ± 0.07 g) were distributed in black, white and blue 300‐L tanks and fed to satiation for 60 days. The tank colour had no significant effect on the weight gain, condition factor, hepatosomatic index and specific growth rate (p > .05). The lowest amount of viscerosomatic index and the highest carcass protein were recorded in the white tank (p < .05). Daily food intake, feed conversion ratio and plasma glucose were significantly higher in the blue tank (p < .05). The highest levels of haematocrit and plasma triglyceride were observed in the white tank, while the total protein and albumin were higher in the black tank compared to the other tanks. The tank colour had no significant effects on the plasma cortisol level (p > .05). Our findings showed that colours used in this study did not evoke stress and thus had no effect on growth, but some metabolic adaptation occurred in each colour to achieve optimum growth.     

Delineating the zone of topsoil disturbance around buried utilities on agricultural land

Installation of pipeline utilities (oil, natural gas, water) in central Canada prior to the 1970s often resulted in extensive mixing of topsoil with subsoil materials within the easements due to largely unregulated construction practices. The main objectives of this study were (1) to develop a simple field protocol for the rapid delineation of the zone of topsoil disturbance (or topsoil–subsoil mixing) around buried utilities on agricultural land in southern Ontario, and (2) to characterize the zone of topsoil disturbance in the vicinity of an existing pre-1970s pipeline in terms of agronomically important soil properties. The study was carried out at six farm sites chosen along a pipeline easement (30+ years old) in southern Ontario. Soil organic carbon content, CaCO₃ content and pH were found to be useful in delineating the zone of topsoil disturbance around the buried utility. Standardized laboratory techniques for determination of these three soil attributes were used to analyse surface soil samples (Ap horizons) taken at 1·5 m intervals along 45·7 m long transects oriented perpendicular to the easement. In addition, rapid field tests for these same three variables were adopted/developed and tested, and two portable instruments were evaluated for their usefulness for in situ soil property measurements. In particular, a Minolta^™ CR-310 Chroma Meter was successfully used to relate moist soil colour to the organic carbon content of the surface soil. The chromaticity coordinate a* (CIE L*a*b* colour space notation) was shown to provide good estimates of organic carbon content for soils of medium to fine texture in this region of Ontario. The zone of topsoil disturbance was most often characterized by an appreciable increase in per cent CaCO₃ equivalent and pH, and a decrease in organic carbon content (dilution), over the pipeline trench when compared to off-easement areas. The zone of topsoil disturbance was usually a minimum of 15 m wide (i.e. the approximate width of the original trench and workspace areas during construction), and frequently much wider due most likely to wet soil conditions at the time of construction, agricultural tillage translocation of topsoil over time, and other factors. It is recommended that rapid on-site determinations of the zone of topsoil disturbance should be based primarily on field estimates of CaCO₃ content (10 per cent HCl) and organic carbon content (a* chromaticity coordinate using a portable colorimeter). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微生态制剂对锦鲤生长性能、肌肉组成、体色及非特异性免疫的影响

为探讨微生态制剂在锦鲤养殖生产中的应用效果,研究微生态制剂对锦鲤生长、肌肉组成、体色和血清非特异性免疫指标的影响。将300尾初始体质量为(147.22±4.51)g的锦鲤随机分为5组,每组设3个平行,对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲料,试验组(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组)在基础饲料中分别添加不同剂量(0.05‰、0.10‰、0.20‰、0.40‰)的微生态制剂粉剂,养殖周期为45 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,饲料中添加0.20‰微生态制剂组,锦鲤的增重率、特定生长率分别显著提高32.25%、26.19%,饲料系数显著降低25.98%;各试验组成活率、体表色度值无显著变化;各试验组的鱼体粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、水分含量均无显著变化,粗灰分含量随着微生态制剂添加剂量的增加显著升高;各试验组非特异性免疫指标SOD、AKP、LSZ活性均显著高于对照组,其中0.20‰的添加组最高,分别为69.84 U/m L、12.72 U/m L、14.21μg/m L,较对照组分别显著提高24.33%、27.70%、26.00%。综上,饲料中添加微生态制剂可显著提高锦鲤幼鱼的生长性能、改善鱼体肌肉成分、提高非特异性免疫机能,适宜添加量为0.20‰。     

Phenotypic variation within a Hungarian landrace of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.)

Summary A landrace seed lot of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.), obtained from the Budapest region, Hungary, was separated into five seed groups according to seed coat colour. 131 plants were grown randomly, and observed for 27 morphological and physiological characters. The collected data were analysed by ANOVA.Numerical taxonomy of the data employed Principal Components Analysis to generate scatter diagrams and Cluster Analysis to generate dendrograms, both before and after removing data on the four anthocyanin colour characters (seed coat, calyx, stem and flower colour) as these characters are probably controlled by a single major gene. The progenies from the five distinct parental seed groups showed much overlap in characteristics, indicating that they were not distinct lines but comprised a largely panmictic population.Some character associations were detected: plants from white seeds matured significantly later than those from black seeds, plants from white seeds with a few dark spots produced seeds significantly heavier than average, whereas those from white or black seeds produced significantly lighter seeds, although the average seed yield per plant did not differ significatly.     

泡核桃壳棕色素的提取和稳定性研究

[目的]研究泡核桃壳棕色素的最佳提取条件及粗提色素的稳定性。[方法]以漾濞泡核桃壳为原料,研究浸提温度和时间对色素提取效果的影响,确定最佳提取条件,并对粗提色素进行了稳定性试验。[结果]色素的最佳提取条件为：在75℃时,用1%NaOH提取3次,每次浸提时间为2h。在此条件下,色素的提取率较高,达31%。粗提色素的稳定性试验表明,该色素在酸性条件下稳定,有一定的耐光性,对还原剂的耐受性较强,但对氧化剂的耐受性较差,不适宜高温处理,且不同金属离子对色素有不同影响。[结论]该研究为泡核桃壳的推广应用提供了理论基础和实验依据。     

The effects of long-day photoperiod on growth, body composition and skin colour in immature gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)

Immature gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) with a mean initial weight of 25.6 g were reared over 11 months to market size under different photoperiods: 16L:8D; 24L:0D and a control. Differences in final mean weight were significant between the three treatments (P<0.001): 16L:8D, 465.0 g; 24L:0D, 445.9 g; control, 402.6 g. Fish from the 24L:0D consumed most while 16L:8D fish converted it most efficiently. The lipid content of fillets was lower (P<0.05) for the 24L:0D (5.37±0.16 g 100 g^?1 of fillet) than for the control (6.02±0.12 g), and the moisture content lower for the control than for either treatment groups. Skin luminosity (L^*) was directly related to the number of hours of light exposure.