Family by environment interactions in shell size of 43-day old silver-lip pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima), five families reared under different nursery conditions

To understand the influence the environment and associated genotype by environment interactions will exert on future silver-lip pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima) selective breeding programs, this study assessed the relative performance in four shell growth traits of spat from five full-sib families, when spat were communally reared at different salinities (29, 34 and 40 ppt), food availability (high, medium and low), food quality (high, medium and low), and in a hatchery vs. ocean environment for 43 days.Rearing environment was found to influence growth expression, with significant differences evident when oysters were grown at different salinities in the ocean instead of hatchery, or when fed algae of differing nutritional quality. As indicated by MANOVA, family comparative growth performances were also altered when the environment changed, with significant environment by family interactions apparent in the food quality, food availability and hatchery vs. ocean rearing treatments. Changes in salinity, however, did not affect relevant family performances.These results indicate that growth and relative family performance in P. maxima may change dependent on local environmental conditions and that genotype by environment effects may need to be considered in breeding programs for this species.     

西施舌形态性状与体质量性状的相关性分析

为研究西施舌(Coelomactra antiquata)野生群体壳体性状对体质量性状的影响,文章以广西北海铁山港海区采集的178只西施舌为研究对象,测量壳高(SH)、壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)、前缘长(AL)、后缘长(GL)、壳质量(SM)、软体部质量(VM)、活体质量(BM),以壳体性状(SH、SL、SW、AL、G...     

基于果壳孔隙率测定的荔枝干燥仿真

针对荔枝干燥性能受果壳孔隙结构制约问题,通过电镜观察了果壳不同表面的孔隙形态,应用Image Pro软件,计算了其平均孔隙率。通过构建荔枝多层结构水分高温蒸发与热质传输耦合模型,采用Fluent软件,仿真了荔枝70℃干燥过程温度、压力、速度的变化,并比较了该过程的水相体积分数仿真结果与试验值差异。结果表明：荔枝果壳各表面孔隙结构存在自相似性,其平均孔隙率为0.516±0.032;荔枝干燥失水,果体温度由果壳向内传导,渐近平衡;果壳内表面形成逐渐增大的负压差;果肉表面水蒸气速度低,压差小,随时间增加,水蒸气速度及压差波动均增大;仿真结果与试验值能较好对应。     

不同颜色砾石覆盖对土壤蒸发的影响

[目的]研究宁夏中部干旱区最适宜的硒砂瓜覆砂颜色。[方法]采用蒸发器整体称重法,以宁夏中卫南山台地区天然砾石为试材,研究不同颜色砾石覆盖对土壤蒸发的影响。[结果]不同颜色砾石覆盖处理的土壤日蒸发量由大到小依次为CK、C3(紫色)、C1(白色)、C2(青色)。同时,随着试验天数的增加,C1(白色)和C2(青色)处理的累积蒸发量的差别逐渐减小。不同颜色砾石覆盖下,累积蒸发量随蒸发时间呈幂函数增加的变化趋势,拟合曲线的相关系数均大于0.940 0。[结论]砾石覆盖可以有效减少蒸发,且浅色砾石对土壤水分蒸发的抑制效果比深色砾石更明显,其中紫色砾石覆盖的累积蒸发量最大,其次是白色砾石,青色砾石最小,而青色和白色砾石覆盖的土壤日蒸发量差别较小,累积蒸发量随蒸发时间呈幂函数增加。     

一种新的获取海洋贝类基因组DNA的取样方法

[目的]探讨一种新的获取海洋贝类基因组DNA的取样方法,为开展珍稀贝类的分子生物学研究提供参考。[方法]以文蛤、栉江瑶、翡翠贻贝、香港巨牡蛎、毛蚶为供试材料,以闭壳（合）肌全基因组DNA作为参考,采用常规酚-氯仿法抽提贝类贝腔液基因组DNA,使用生物光度计法、琼脂糖凝胶电泳、目的片段扩增测序验证其质量,并建立系统发育树检测其来源的真实可靠性。[结果]采用常规酚/氯仿基因组DNA提取方法获得的贝腔液DNA质量优于闭壳（合）肌DNA,蛋白质、多酚色素污染较少,完全满足目的片段扩增测序;系统发育进化树则证实了贝腔液并非外源污染。[结论]从贝腔液中获取基因组DNA是完全可行的,并可将其用于目的基因片段的扩增。     

不同灌水处理对彩色小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为给彩色小麦高产优质栽培提供科学依据,以紫色小麦KZ6061(紫麦)和绿色小麦绿麦1号(绿麦)为材料,通过田间试验研究灌水对彩色小麦产量和品质的影响.结果表明,灌水处理对彩色小麦(紫麦和绿麦)的籽粒产量、千粒重、容重和籽粒蛋白质产量有显著影响,以B3灌水处理(春5叶、开花期和灌浆期灌水)最高,但与B2灌水处理(春5叶和开花期灌水)差异不显著.灌水处理对彩色小麦籽粒清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量影响不显著,对总蛋白和谷蛋白影响较大.其中,以B1灌水处理[春2叶露尖(二棱初期)、春5叶露尖(雌雄蕊分化期)和开花期灌水]的总蛋白和谷蛋白含量最高.紫麦的干湿面筋含量和面筋指数在各处理间差异显著,绿麦的沉淀值和面筋指数在各处理间差异显著.从籽粒产量和蛋白质产量以及水分有效利用考虑,以B2处理最佳.     

鸭血红素加氧酶-1（HO-1）基因表达及对蛋壳颜色的影响

以35周龄产绿壳蛋巢湖鸭、产白壳蛋巢湖鸭以及樱桃谷鸭为素材,采集每只鸭的肝脏和输卵管子宫部,提取总RNA进行cDNA反转录,利用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time PCR）方法检测样品中血红素加氧酶（heme oxygen-ase,HO-1）基因的表达水平,分析不同品种、品系间及同一品种不同器官中HO-1mRNA的表达差异。结果显示：不同品种间,HO-1基因在肝脏组织中相对表达量无显著差异（P〉0.05）,在子宫组织中表达量巢湖鸭极显著高于樱桃谷鸭（P〈0.01）。不同品系间,HO-1基因在肝脏组织中相对表达量无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;巢湖鸭2个品系在子宫中的相对表达量差异不显著,但均显著高于樱桃谷鸭。在同一品种内,HO-1基因在肝脏组织中的相对表达量均极显著高于子宫组织（P〈0.01）。     

Identification and counting of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas larvae by object detection using deep learning

Natural seedling collection is widely used in the culture of various bivalve species. For successful natural seedling collection, collectors must be installed when larvae appear in the water column at a stage immediately before attachment. Aquaculture farmers generally identify target larvae by morphological features through microscopic examination in a time- and labor-expensive exercise, which also requires a level of expertise to ensure accurate larval identification. We develop a deep-learning-based object-detection technique that ultimately might reduce the time and effort required to accurately identify and count Pacific oyster larvae, render their identification more consistent, and negate the need for expertise. Images of plankton net samples collected in Matsushima and Sendai bays, Japan, were taken using a new photographic device with a CMOS image sensor. Images of oyster larvae identified by an expert were used to create a library of labeled images to train a deep-learning model, which proved to be 82.4% accurate in precision, 90.8% in recall, and 86.4% in F-measure. A further method for estimating larval shell height from the rectangular shape of oyster larval images is also developed. The standardized mean difference in shell height between measurements and estimates is 3.3%. This deep-learning model has the potential to significantly reduce the time and effort required to identify oyster larvae in plankton samples, and thereby costs of this exercise.     

不同色彩粘板对麦红吸浆虫成虫的诱集效果比较

为了改进麦红吸浆虫成虫的监测方法,提高监测效率,于2009—2011年在河北省保定市徐水县,通过田间试验比较了14种颜色粘板对麦红吸浆虫成虫的诱集效果,并进行了3个高度的紫板和黄板对该成虫的诱集试验。结果显示：在14种颜色粘板中,紫色、桃粉、橙红、橙黄、浅粉的诱集效果较好,其中以紫板最多,其诱集效果显著高于生产上普遍用于监测的黄板,且紫板上诱集到的蝇类数量也明显偏少;下部粘板诱集到的麦红吸浆虫成虫数量最多,与中、上部之间存在极显著差异,且相同高度的紫板上诱集到的麦红吸浆虫成虫数量显著多于黄板。因此,建议用紫板监测麦红吸浆虫成虫发生动态,高度以紫板下缘与地面平齐为宜。     

宁夏引进黑核桃果实产量及品质分析

对宁夏引进10a的19株黑核桃从果实丰产性状、外观品质和营养品质3方面开展调查,对高产优树果实的各外观品质及营养品质进行相关分析。综合单株产量及单位树冠投影面积产仁量两项指标的调查结果,获得丰产性状较好的优树7株;主要外观品质分析表明,7株优树单果质量变幅为6.9～26.1g,核仁质量变幅为1.4～4.6g,壳厚变幅为0.1～0.4cm,出仁率变幅为17.7%～27.4%;其中单果质量与核仁质量呈极显著相关,与壳厚呈显著相关。营养品质分析表明,7株优树总脂肪质量分数变幅为51.2%～58.4%,总蛋白质量分数变幅为5.9%～11.7%,脂肪酸组分中不饱和脂肪酸(油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸)质量分数以A6最高,达87.45%;饱和脂肪酸(棕榈酸、硬脂酸)质量分数以W5最高,达到40.36%。其中总蛋白与油酸、棕榈酸与硬脂酸呈显著负相关,其他各营养成分间无明显相关性。A6、L24、L323株优树具有选育为高油品种的潜力。