金针菇杂交菌株的同工酶标记与菌株特性

采用垂直平板板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）法，利用酯酶同工酶谱和可溶性蛋白ＰＡＧＥ表型的差异，对金针菇的杂交后代作了遗传分析和鉴定。结果表明，金针菇杂交亲本及其后代抽工酶箐型表现明显的多型性。４个杂交菌株的同工酶亲本有较明显的差异。２处生化（ＥＳＴ，ＰＲＯ）标记在杂交菌株中均表现有不同程度的遗传互补性，并有新的酶带产生。结合同工酶酶谱和标记杂合位点数目对杂种优势可进行早期预测和栽培验证。     

基于表型和基因型的藜麦种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解和掌握青海省引进和收集藜麦种质资源的遗传背景和多样性,本研究选择11个表型性状和221对SSR引物对114份藜麦种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,114份藜麦种质资源的11个表型性状差异极显著（P＜0.01）,变异系数范围为4.57%~87.79%,主穗直径的变异最大（87.79%）,籽粒直径的变异最小（4.57%）;遗传多样性指数范围为0.47~2.29,单株产量的遗传多样性指数最大（2.29）,茎秆长最小（0.47）。46对多态性较好的SSR引物扩增出165条多态性条带,每对引物的平均等位变异数为3.59,观测等位基因（Na）平均值为1.65,有效等位基因（Ne）平均值为1.50,Shannon’s信息指数（I）和Nei’s基因多样性指数（He）平均值分别为0.39和0.27,平均多态性比率为64.35%。通过聚类分析发现,114份藜麦种质基于表型性状和SSR分子标记的聚类结果存在一定的相似和差异,来源地相同的种质被分到了不同的类群,来源地不同的种质被分到了同一类或单独聚成一类,说明参试藜麦种质资源的表型性状和分子遗传信息多样性较丰富。     

大白菜DH0与DH1代群体的遗传稳定性分析

以游离小孢子培养获得的HY大白菜DH0代及其自交后代DH1群体与HY(F1),共33份材料为试验材料,调查了其株高、球茎和外叶数3个农艺性状,发现不同的株系性状分离较大。同时采用RAPD技术分析了2代之间的遗传稳定性。从106条RAPD随机引物中筛选出33条重复性好并且具有多态性的引物,进行扩增。从33份材料中扩增了206条带,其中多态带为136条(66.1%)。通过系统聚类分析,DH0代及其子代DH1代遗传关系近,绝大部分能优先聚在一起。说明纯合的小孢子植株单株性状在遗传中很少发生变异,具有很好的遗传稳定性。     

A proposal for enhanced EU herbage VCU and DUS testing procedures

Herbage production is regarded as having environment-friendly credentials. However, as the ruminant production it supports is facing major challenges on sustainability, environmental footprint and human health concerns, EU herbage cultivar testing must contribute to the solutions. Before new cultivars can be sold in a member state (MS) and gain EU-wide marketing, they must pass official tests to prove they are both novel (distinct, uniform and stable, DUS) with improved value for cultivation and use (VCU). Herbage species present specific challenges, as their allogamy imposes a wide within-cultivar variation that adds complexity to DUS tests and their “value” is only realized in ruminant produce. Current VCU systems measure production, chemical composition and disease/stress tolerances, often on large numbers of candidate cultivars, but prohibitive labour costs and logistics mean that animal intake, ruminant output or environmental benefits cannot be measured directly. Furthermore, some candidate cultivars with proven superior VCU fail DUS even though the non-distinct comparison is with a significantly lower performing registered cultivar. To resolve these problem cases, a “vmDUS” distinctness tool is proposed, which uses molecular markers but conforms to UPOV-declared principles. A short overview of current grassland research shows smart proxy measures of animal value can easily and quickly be adopted into an integrated pan-European (EU-VCU) test network. The proposed EU-VCU scheme will reallocate test resources to conduct these additional tests by placing MS in data sharing collaborations, while retaining their national listing authority. The benefits to all stakeholders from adopting these new testing procedures are considered.     

An efficient method to produce segregating populations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

Quinoa offers a promising alternative for staple food, considering its outstanding nutritional value and tolerance to abiotic stresses. To develop breeding programmes in quinoa, a reliable crossing method for increasing the genetic variation is required. In the following study, we aimed to develop segregating populations in quinoa. We tested the efficiency of three different crossing methods (hand emasculation, warm water emasculation and no emasculation). Moreover we developed a two-stage selection strategy based on morphological traits and molecular markers for the selection of hybrid plants. We reported hand emasculation to be the most efficient crossing method, followed by warm water emasculation and no emasculation. Our results demonstrated that crosses in quinoa can be successfully performed, despite its complicated flower structure and high self-pollination rate. Additionally, we developed 30 segregating populations from crosses between accessions of different origins with varying phylogenetic relationship, which offers a promising perspective for quinoa breeding programmes in the future.     

Cryptic species and population genetic structure of Plasmopara viticola in São Paulo State,Brazil

Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is one of the most important diseases in grape-growing areas worldwide, including Brazil. To examine pathogen population biology and structure, P. viticola was sampled during the 2015/16 growing season from 516 lesions on nine grape cultivars in 11 locations in subtropical areas of São Paulo State, Brazil. For identification of cryptic species, a subsample of 130 isolates was subjected to cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analysis, and for 91 of these isolates the ITS1 region was sequenced. These analyses suggest that the population of P. viticola in São Paulo State consists of a single cryptic species, P. viticola clade aestivalis. Seven microsatellite markers were used to determine the genetic structure of all 516 P. viticola isolates, identifying 23 alleles and 55 multilocus genotypes (MLGs). Among these MLGs, 34.5% were clonal and represented 93% of the isolates sampled. Four dominant genotypes were present in at least five different locations, corresponding to 65.7% of the isolates sampled. Genotypic diversity (Ĝ = 0.21–0.89) and clonal fraction (0.58–0.96) varied among locations (populations). Most populations showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg expectations; in addition, excess of heterozygosity was verified for many loci. However, principal coordinate analysis revealed no clusters among locations and no significant isolation by distance was found, suggesting high levels of migration. The results indicate that downy mildew epidemics result from multiple clonal infections caused by a few genotypes of P. viticola, and reproduction of P. viticola in São Paulo State is predominantly asexual.     

吉林省大豆品种（系）遗传多样性分析

为明确吉林省2003—2022年育成的大豆品种（系）的遗传距离和亲缘关系,选取2003—2022年育成的299份大豆品种（系）为试验材料,利用覆盖大豆基因组的SNP标记对其进行遗传多样性和群体结构分析。结果表明：1）3 240个SNP标记在参试材料中共检测出A/A、A/G、A/T等16种基因型,分子标记多态信息量（PIC）范围为0.009 9~0.556 1,平均值0.318 4;使用Powermarker vision 3.25软件,得到样本群体等位基因频率为0.688 3、平均PIC为0.318 5。2）参试材料间遗传相似系数在44.86%~95.46%,平均为63.40%;其中,遗传相似系数在60%~70%的材料最多,样本数为170份,占参试材料的56.86%。3）根据遗传距离将参试材料划分为4个类群,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类群分别含有8、3、115、173份品种（系）;来源于同一育种单位的品种（系）一般划分到同一类群。4）进一步利用STRUCTURE进行遗传结构预测,结果显示K=4,表明参试的299份品种（系）可被划分成4组独立的遗传结构类群;第1、2、3、4遗传结构类群分别含有24、18、105、152份品种（系）,第1遗传结构类群含祖先遗传物质最多,第2、3、4遗传结构类群中外引遗传物质占比逐渐增多,第4遗传结构类群中外引遗传物质占比为46.80%。综上,参试大豆品种群体总的遗传背景相对狭窄,但随着外引遗传物质的引入,第4遗传结构类群（152份）的遗传多样性显著高于总体水平。     

DNA分子标记在甘薯遗传育种中的应用

DNA分子标记是继形态标记、细胞标记和生化标记之后发展起来的一种新的较为理想的遗传标记,在甘薯育种方面发挥了重要作用。主要概述了分子标记在甘薯的起源、进化与分类、图谱构建、遗传多样性分析、品种鉴定、基因定位与辅助育种等方面的研究进展,并对甘薯的分子育种提出了展望。     

尼罗罗非鱼六个性别相关标记的FISH分析

从尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）BAC基因文库5个克隆中提取和纯化含有6个性别连锁或相关标记（CLC5，GM204，GM271，GM354，UNH995和UNH104）的重组质粒DNA作为模板，以简并核苷酸为引物，通过PCR制备原位杂交探针。探针用荧光素进行标记，并与尼罗罗非鱼中期相染色体进行荧光原位杂交以确定这些标记在尼罗罗非鱼染色体上的位置和分布。结果显示，这些性别连锁或相关标记都位于尼罗罗非鱼第一对染色体长臂近末端，从分子细胞学角度验证了第一对染色体是尼罗罗非鱼的性染色体。另外由于这些标记的荧光信号在XY个体的2条性染色体上都有，一方面说明这些标记在罗非鱼上还不是性别特异的；另一方面也验证了尼罗罗非鱼的性染色体还处于分化的早期阶段。【中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：525—529】     

牙鲆养殖群体遗传变异的微卫星标记研究

应用10对微卫星引物对中国牙鲆一个养殖群体的30个个体进行了群体遗传结构分析。结果显示，微卫星标记比其他标记具有更高的多态性，10个微卫星座位的等位基因数在4～10之间，有效等位基因数在2．23～5．82之间，平均等位基因数为7．6，群体平均杂合度为0．6960，Hardy-weinberg遗传偏离指数的平均值为0．1774。