金乌贼精子的超微结构

应用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了金乌贼精子的超微结构。结果表明,精子全长为191.84μm(n=10),由头部和尾部组成。其中,头部主要由顶体和细胞核组成,尾部分为中段、主段和末段3个部分。头部顶体为呈倒U字形的囊状体,亚顶体腔呈∩形。细胞核细长,呈圆柱状,稍弯曲,为高电子密度的均质结构。核后窝偏离细胞核中心位置。尾部中段较长,由线粒体距及其不完全包围的鞭毛组成。线粒体距分为上段和下段,上段含较多线粒体,下段无线粒体。尾部鞭毛主段细长,由9+2结构的轴丝及外围9束粗纤维组成,构成典型的9+9+2结构。     

The Effects of light intensity on growth and survival of cuttlefish (sepia officinalis) hatchlings and Juveniles

The effects of three light intensities (100, 350 and 1200 lux) on cuttlefish hatchling rearing performance was studied in black tanks. A total of 270 cuttlefish with a mean wet weight (MWW) of 0.089 ± 0.012 g were used in the experiment, which was undertaken during the first 50 days after hatching (hatchling stage plus the transition to the juvenile stage). According to results of the present study, light intensity is an important factor for growth and survival consistency in cuttlefish rearing. All three light intensity groups displayed exponential growth. The effect of days, light intensity and their interaction only displayed differences (P < 0.05) between light groups in terms of mean wet weight. The 100 lux light intensity promoted the best absolute values of total biomass and total mortality. We believe that the higher mortality observed in 1200 lux reared cuttlefish during the first 10 days after hatching (DAH) was due to light intensity and individual adaptation to light conditions. Therefore, the 100 lux light intensity, obtained with daylight spectrum bulbs, is recommended for cuttlefish rearing during the first 50 DAH. This light setup promotes higher growth and survival rates and lower energetic costs, which are key aspects to consider in a cuttlefish hatchery.     

高锰酸钾对虎斑乌贼胚胎和幼体的毒性研究

采用静水试验法研究了高锰酸钾对虎斑乌贼胚胎和幼体的毒性作用。试验结果表明：高锰酸钾对虎斑乌贼胚胎24h和48h半致死浓度（LC50）分别为64.150、50.433mg/L,安全浓度为9.3513mg/L。高锰酸钾对虎斑乌贼幼体的24h、48h半致死浓度（LC50）分别为0.5343、0.4897mg/L,安全浓度为0.1234mg/L。虎斑乌贼在胚胎期与幼体期对高锰酸钾的敏感性强度为：幼体期〉胚胎期。     

金乌贼荧光标志方法的研究

建立一种简单实用的标志方法,对更好地评价金乌贼增殖放流效果和渔业资源现状非常重要.以金乌贼为实验对象,利用荧光物质茜素络合指示剂(Alizarin Complexone,ALC)浸泡金乌贼幼体,对其内壳进行标志,所用荧光染色剂浓度为(6.0～8.0)×10-3%,浸孢染色时间24 h.将标志组和对照组的金乌贼幼体分别暂养于1.5 m×1.5 m×1.5 m水泥池30 d,后将暂养的幼体放养于面积为2 667 m2的室外土池,并在60 d后,将平均胴背长达91.4mm(对照组)、87.6 mm(标志组)金乌贼幼体移入室内水泥池越冬,整个实验历时210 d.实验期间,分别在标志后15、30、45、60、90、210 d对金乌贼进行随机取样,解剖出内壳观察标志色保留状况并对金乌贼生长发育及存活率进行测量.结果显示,标志金乌贼的成活率为100%;方差分析显示,标志组和对照组金乌贼的生长发育差异不显著(P0.05);210 d后内壳骨针部仍清晰保留初染时的半椭圆形淡紫色圆圈;实验所采用的ALC内壳标志方法操作容易,可一次性大量进行标志处理,鉴别简单,无需借助其它仪器,肉眼便可直接观察到标志色,并且标志色保持率高,保留时间长,是一种理想的标志金乌贼的方法.     

基于繁殖群体与补充群体结构特征的金乌贼资源增殖策略优化

利用青岛近岸海域连续监测数据,分析金乌贼繁殖群体及补充群体结构特征,比较不同洄游时期繁殖亲体的绝对生殖力与卵子规格,以及补充群体的扩散迁移过程,为金乌贼繁殖亲体筛选、增殖模式优化及放流海域合理规划等提供参考。结果显示,5—7月陆续洄游至青岛近岸的金乌贼繁殖亲体的胴长、体质量及其怀卵量随采样时间推移均呈逐渐下降趋势,前期繁殖亲体成熟卵细胞的卵径和卵重显著高于中期和后期亲体。金乌贼产黏性卵,通常将受精卵黏附于海藻或其他附着物上,其幼体生长迅速。受繁殖亲体结群期长及分批产卵等繁殖习性影响,补充群体的胴长、体质量离散水平亦随秋季采样时间推移不断升高。补充群体规格的离散可促进空间生态位分化,增加营养生态位宽幅,该生殖策略有利于减小种内摄食压力。基于金乌贼繁殖生态学特征,建议集中采集前期洄游亲体开展人工苗种繁育,以提升繁育效率,保证大规格苗种供应;依据其分批产卵习性,大规模增殖放流可分批进行,以减小种内饵料竞争,提高放流群体成活率;5—7月在近岸水深15～20 m的缓流区投放人工产卵附着基,也是一种有效的资源原位修复手段。今后应进一步探究金乌贼受精卵放流技术,优化其资源修复模式,降低增殖成本,提高资源增殖效率。     

金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)早期发育阶段相关酶活性的变化

采用生化方法测定了金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)不同发育阶段的受精卵以及0-10日龄幼体的胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶、脂肪酶和谷丙转氨酶5种酶比活力的变化.结果显示,可溶性蛋白浓度总体呈先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势,其中,在囊胚和原肠期(Ⅱ)最高,在初孵幼体(Ⅶ)中最低,含量分别为81.50 mg/g和4.24 mg/g.胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和谷丙转氨酶比活力的变化趋势相近,总体呈先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势,其中,在胚胎发育阶段均能检测出这3种酶的活性,说明主要自母体获得,但活力相对较低;在初孵幼体中,这3种酶活性均显著升高,比活力分别为0.51 U/g、1.68 U/mg和37.84 U/g;5日龄幼体(Ⅷ)中,3种酶比活力均显著下降至出膜前水平;10日龄幼体(Ⅸ)中,3种酶比活力均有小幅度上升.碱性磷酸酶和脂肪酶比活力的变化趋势相近,总体呈上升趋势,其中,在胚胎发育阶段仅检测到这2种酶的极低活性,幼体孵出后2种酶的比活力才显著上升,标志着器官发育的逐步完善和消化能力的逐步增强.     

急性氨氮胁迫对虎斑乌贼肝脏、鳃和脑组织结构的影响

为了探讨氨氮对虎斑乌贼器官组织结构的影响,以体质量为(13.80±0.65)g的幼虎斑乌贼为对象,研究了氨氮胁迫对其肝脏、鳃和脑组织结构的影响。根据96 h的LC50实验结果设计5个梯度(0、1、3、6和12 mg/L)进行96 h的氨氮胁迫后,利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察其肝脏、鳃和脑组织结构。结果显示,在相同浓度的氨氮胁迫下,虎斑乌贼不同组织器官之间损伤程度存在差异,其中肝脏损伤的程度最大,对氨氮胁迫表现最敏感,其次是鳃组织和脑组织,组织器官损伤程度与氨氮浓度呈现正相关。氨氮胁迫浓度越大或胁迫时间越长,肉眼观察发现肝脏颜色越鲜红,肿胀和易糜烂程度越明显,可通过肉眼观察肝脏颜色和肿胀程度初步判断机体氨中毒程度;氨氮胁迫后,对肝脏和鳃组织造成较为严重的损伤,可能是虎斑乌贼氨中毒致死的原因。当氨氮高于或等于6 mg/L时胁迫96 h后,通过显微观察发现肝小叶轮廓模糊不完整、排列不紧密和胞浆疏松透明,大量的细胞核溶解,细胞出现空泡化,肝血窦扩张;通过电镜观察发现细胞核皱缩变形、核仁消失、线粒体嵴紊乱、线粒体空泡化、线粒体外室肿胀,高尔基体数量减少;显微观察发现鳃组织的泌氯细胞和上皮细胞核溶解,细胞出现空泡化、排列紊乱,鳃丝肿胀淤血、轮廓模糊不完整,并出现坏死脱落和缺损;通过透射电镜观察,发现细胞核皱缩、核膜破损和细胞核裂解,线粒体出现了皱缩变形、空泡化和不完整破损现象;观察脑组织的神经团和视叶,未发现脑组织的细胞有显著损伤。     

Cephalopods as Vectors of Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins in Marine Food Webs

Here we summarize the current knowledge on the transfer and accumulation of harmful algal bloom (HAB)-related toxins in cephalopods (octopods, cuttlefishes and squids). These mollusks have been reported to accumulate several HAB-toxins, namely domoic acid (DA, and its isomers), saxitoxin (and its derivatives) and palytoxin (and palytoxin-like compounds) and, therefore, act as HAB-toxin vectors in marine food webs. Coastal octopods and cuttlefishes store considerably high levels of DA (amnesic shellfish toxin) in several tissues, but mainly in the digestive gland (DG)—the primary site of digestive absorption and intracellular digestion. Studies on the sub-cellular partitioning of DA in the soluble and insoluble fractions showed that nearly all DA (92.6%) is found in the cytosol. This favors the trophic transfer of the toxins since cytosolic substances can be absorbed by predators with greater efficiency. The available information on the accumulation and tissue distribution of DA in squids (e.g., in stranded Humboldt squids, Dosidicus gigas) is scarcer than in other cephalopod groups. Regarding paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), these organisms accumulate them at the greatest extent in DG >> kidneys > stomach > branchial hearts > posterior salivary glands > gills. Palytoxins are among the most toxic molecules identified and stranded octopods revealed high contamination levels, with ovatoxin (a palytoxin analogue) reaching 971 μg kg⁻¹ and palytoxin reaching 115 μg kg⁻¹ (the regulatory limit for PlTXs is 30 μg kg⁻¹ in shellfish). Although the impacts of HAB-toxins in cephalopod physiology are not as well understood as in fish species, similar effects are expected since they possess a complex nervous system and highly developed brain comparable to that of the vertebrates. Compared to bivalves, cephalopods represent a lower risk of shellfish poisoning in humans, since they are usually consumed eviscerated, with exception of traditional dishes from the Mediterranean area.     

几种生态因子对拟目乌贼胚胎发育的影响

摘 要：本实验旨在研究盐度、光照周期、孵化密度、溶解氧对拟目乌贼（Sepia lycidas）胚胎发育的影响,以确定其胚胎发育最佳生态条件。在室内控制条件下,采用单因子试验研究了不同盐度（18、21、24、27、30、33、36）,光照周期L:D（0 h:24 h、6 h:18 h、12 h:12 h）,孵化密度(3、6、9、12、15 ind/L)等对其胚胎孵化率、培育周期、孵化周期、卵黄囊完全吸收率和初孵幼体大小的影响。结果表明：不同盐度对胚胎发育影响显著（P＜0.05）,适宜盐度为27～33,最适盐度为30,最适盐度下孵化率达（93.33?2.89）%、培育周期为（25.67?0.58）d、孵化周期为（5.33?0.58）d、卵黄囊完全吸收率达（89.27?0.33）%、初孵幼体体重达（0.247?0.006）g;光照周期对孵化周期影响不显著（P>0.05）,对其它指标影响显著（P＜0.05）,适宜光照周期为L:D（6 h:18 h）,最适光照周期下孵化率达（80.33?2.89）%,培育周期为 (35.67?0.57) d、孵化周期为（4.67?0.57）d、卵黄囊完全吸收率达（82.18?7.72）%、初孵幼体体重达（0.243?0.012）g;在各孵化密度下充气与否,对胚胎发育有显著影响（P＜0.01）,水中含氧量≤5.55 mg/L时,胚胎发育受阻。在充气情况下不同孵化密度对胚胎发育影响显著（P＜0.05）,适宜孵化密度3～9 ind/L,最适宜孵化密度6 ind/L,最适孵化密度下孵化率达（96.67?2.89）%、培育周期为（29.67?0.58）d、孵化周期为（5.67?1.15）d、卵黄囊完全吸收率达（89.65?0.31）%、初孵幼体体重达（0.244?0.005）g。由此确定,其适宜的孵化盐度为27～33,光照周期为L:D（6 h:18 h）,孵化密度为3～9 ind/L。由此确定,其适宜的孵化盐度为27～33,光照周期为L:D（6 h:18 h）,孵化密度为3～9 ind/L。     

西非沿岸乌贼角质颚形态及生长特征

乌贼(Sepia officinalis)是生活在大西洋西岸的重要头足类之一,研究乌贼角质颚形态及生长特征有利于对其的开发利用。本研究根据2015年在毛里塔尼亚附近海域生产期间所获得的乌贼渔获样本,对乌贼角质颚的各项形态参数进行描述,探究不同胴长和不同性腺成熟阶段角质颚生长情况的差异,并估算乌贼个体的大小。通过对乌贼上、下颚各长度指标的比值比较发现,乌贼角质颚下颚的长度比值波动较大,较不稳定。t检验表明,将各项形态参数除以胴长消除样本规格影响差异后,乌贼雌性个体在角质颚的各项形态参数上均极显著大于雄性(P0.01);方差分析及多重比较(LSD法)表明,随着胴长的增加,乌贼的各个角质颚的形态参数也极显著增加(P0.01)。在性腺成熟期Ⅱ~Ⅳ中,乌贼角质颚的形态参数随着性腺成熟度的增加而显著增加(P0.05),但性腺成熟度为Ⅴ期的个体的角质颚形态参数却显著小于前面几期(P0.05)。主成分分析显示,第一主成分的负载绝对值最高的指标为上头盖长(Upper hood length,UHL)和下脊突长(Lower crest length,LCL);第二主成分下喙长(Lower rostrum length,LRL)和下喙宽(Lower rostrum width,LRW),利用主成分分析得到的前2个主成分可以对乌贼的胴长进行估算。研究表明,同一种类不同性别的乌贼个体角质颚形态参数及其比值存在特异性,研究结果为西非沿岸乌贼类分类及生态研究提供基础资料。