Aspects of the stock dynamics and exploitation of cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), in the English Channel

Basic biological parameters of cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, in the English Channel are described from samples of commercial and research vessel landings made between April 1994 and September 1995. There was a significant difference between the length–weight relationship of male and female cuttlefish. Growth of both sexes was rapid and seasonal during the last 12 months of life. Males grew faster than females, and reached larger overall lengths and weights. Most males reached maturity before the start of their second winter, although the testis continued to develop until spawning took place the following spring. Female maturation began later and was more prolonged such that it was completed towards the end of the second winter. Adults of both sexes spawned after the second winter between late March and July. Commercial landings data showed spawning cuttlefish initially arrived on inshore grounds in the western Channel, but slightly later and in greater numbers on the inshore grounds of the middle and eastern Channel. The weight and value of cuttlefish landings made by UK vessels in the Channel increased greatly between the mid 1980s and the mid 1990s such that cuttlefish are now a major part of the earnings for several fisheries. The most important fisheries were the offshore beam trawls, and inshore otter trawls and nets. The exploitation pattern of each fishery is described from quarterly samples of commercial landings taken between April 1994 and March 1996. Each exploitation pattern is shown to be a function of the region fished, the catching gear employed, and the growth and migrations of the cuttlefish population. Some implications for stock management are discussed.     

金乌贼亲体驯养与繁殖特性研究

为开发利用金乌贼(Sepia esculenta Hoyle)资源,研究了金乌贼亲体驯养与繁殖特性.结果表明:通过药浴、自然条件模拟、投喂活饵等方法能够提高金乌贼亲体驯养成活率,成活率可达82.5%;繁殖过程中,金乌贼求偶、争偶、交配、挂卵等繁殖行为特征明显;产卵基受精卵附着效果对比试验表明,海参筐架附卵效果较好,附卵量大且集中;繁殖过程结束后,金乌贼亲体逐渐死亡,死亡率为100%;并探讨了金乌贼繁育的难点和解决方法.     

金乌贼腕式研究

对金乌贼(Sepia esculenta Hoyle)的腕式及其在分类学中的应用进行了探讨。研究结果表明：金乌贼不同时期的不同个体出现了不同的腕式。Duncan多重比较分析表明，腕式依个体、大小、左右和性别不同而有差异。当一个种雌性及雄性样本左、右腕的腕式都一致时，可以认为是该种的腕式。否则，需指出性别、大小、左右等前提。建议在金乌贼研究中慎重使用腕式。     

拟目乌贼繁殖行为学的初步研究

拟目乌贼在繁殖期间的行为较为复杂,包括求偶、雄性争斗、交配、雄性陪护、产卵等行为。拟目乌贼在生殖策略上并非"一夫一妻"制,交配时,雄性用第1、2对腕固定雌性的头部,然后用茎化腕将精荚输送至雌性纳精囊内。雌性受精后不久便产卵,拟目乌贼雌性轮流在产卵区产卵。卵白色,半透明,卵群葡萄状,分枝,刚产出的卵短径约1.2cm,长径约2.4cm,拟目乌贼平均产卵量为354枚。     

拟目乌贼生殖系统的组织学研究

为了丰富拟目乌贼人工繁育理论,采用组织学方法,对其雌雄生殖系统的结构进行了研究。结果显示,雄性生殖系统可分为精巢、输精管、黏液腺、放射导管腺、中被膜腺、外被膜腺、硬腺、终腺和精荚囊9部分,其中输精管可分为前段、中段(壶腹)和后段3部分。精子发生不同步,成熟精子自精巢产生后,通过输精管,在黏液腺和放射导管腺中形成精团,在中被膜腺和外被膜腺中按规律进行重新排列,硬腺的主要作用是吸水使精荚变硬,最后在终腺中成熟,储存于精荚囊中,在生殖季节分批排出。雌性生殖系统可分为卵巢、输卵管、输卵管腺、1对缠卵腺和1对副缠卵腺5部分,可推测卵子发生不同步,分批成熟,在输卵管腺、缠卵腺和副缠卵腺共同作用下形成三级卵膜结构。拟目乌贼雌雄生殖系统的结构与其受精和产卵方式是相适应的。     

基于全长转录组测序的金乌贼微卫星位点筛选与特征分析

以金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)转录组测序获得的177,951条Unigene为对象,采用Micro Satellite (MISA)软件检测及分析其中的简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeat, SSR)的位点信息。结果显示,在金乌贼转录组中共检测出161,327个SSR位点,分布在64,933条Unigene中,SSR位点发生频率为36.49%,出现频率为90.66%。其中,最主要的重复类型为单核苷酸、二核苷酸和三核苷酸,分别占SSR总数的46.00%、39.93%和9.48%。SSR包含的重复基元中,A/T是单核苷酸的优势重复基元,AT/AT和AC/GT是二核苷酸的优势重复基元类型。66,004个重复基元长度≥20 bp,占SSR总数的40.91%,且其中含有低级重复基元(二、三核苷酸重复)的SSR位点数量占优。以上结果表明,金乌贼转录组中SSR位点出现频率较高且类型丰富、多态性潜能较高,研究结果可为更好地开发金乌贼SSR分子标记、种质资源保护利用、遗传多样性评价和分子标记辅助育种等提供参考。     

金乌贼纳精囊组织结构及其精子的储存和利用

为揭示金乌贼精子进入纳精囊及产卵过程中的精子利用方式,丰富金乌贼繁殖生物学研究内容,本研究利用实验生态学和组织切片技术,检测了交配后不同时间段雌性口膜表面精子囊和纳精囊中精子数量的变化,观察分析了雌性金乌贼纳精囊的组织结构。结果显示,金乌贼纳精囊位于繁殖期雌性个体口膜腹面的突起处,共1对。纳精囊开口于口膜内表面,通过一根中央管连通整个纳精囊。中央管内壁含有大量褶皱和纤毛。在中央管两端,有12~20个储精小囊与之相连。储精小囊四周具有发达的环肌,其中储存有大量精子,并且大部分精子头部均朝向腔室内壁。完成一次交配后,雌性金乌贼对精子囊和纳精囊中精子的利用可以分为三个阶段,主要利用精子囊中的精子(交配后1~2 d);由利用精子囊中的精子向纳精囊中的精子过渡(交配后2~3 d);主要利用纳精囊中的精子(交配后3 d以上)。研究表明,从精子囊释放出的精子进入雌性口膜表面的褶皱中,通过自身运动到达纳精囊。进入纳精囊的精子通过自身运动及中央管内壁纤毛的摆动进入储精小囊,其中大部分精子头部朝向储精小囊内壁有规律地分布。在产卵过程中,雌性优先利用精子囊中的精子,而在精子囊中精子不足时,纳精囊通过肌肉收缩以及纤毛摆动将其中的精子逐渐释放出来,卵子在雌性口膜附近完成体外受精。     

青岛近岸金乌贼繁殖群体形态特征及遗传分化

为探究青岛近岸金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)繁殖群体结构及其结群历时长、产卵期内亲体规格递减的结群现象,运用形态学度量方法结合微卫星分子标记技术,对青岛薛家岛近岸前、中、后3个不同洄游时期金乌贼繁殖群体的形态特征和遗传分化水平进行统计分析,探究其亲缘关系并量化差异水平。主要结果如下:形态学主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,前3个主成分的累积贡献率为60.067%,低于85%;判别分析(D_A)结果显示, 3个时期繁殖群体的判别准确率介于66.7%～82.1%,两者的散点图结果一致,均显示3个群体未明显占据不相重叠的区域。微卫星标记结果表明, 3个时期繁殖群体的遗传距离D_A介于0.12～0.16,群体遗传分化指数为0.0014～0.0064,利用Structure判断最佳理论组群为1,表明其亲缘关系较近。综合分析认为,虽青岛近海不同洄游时期金乌贼繁殖群体的规格差异较大,但形态学参数差异较小,遗传距离较近且遗传分化水平较低(F_(st)0.05),未呈现明显的群体分化。     

不同底质和温度对金乌贼仔乌饥饿耐受能力的影响

采用实验生态学方法,以金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)初孵仔乌为实验对象,研究饥饿胁迫下仔乌的行为、体征等的变化,以及不同底质(细沙组、无底质组、沙泥组)和温度条件对仔乌耐饥饿能力的影响,以期为其增殖放流最佳时期的选择和放流海域的合理规划提供参考。结果显示,饥饿对仔乌的形态特征、行为方式、活力状态等影响较大,饥饿12 d时仔乌全部死亡。水温25℃条件下,细沙组、无底质组和沙泥组的饥饿不可逆点(PNR)分别为7.5 d、8 d和9.5 d;饥饿前7 d,各组的累积死亡率相差不大,之后由高到低依次为细沙组、无底质组、沙泥组;饥饿10 d后,3个实验组仔乌的体重损失率分别为7.72%±2.80%、6.95%±2.64%和5.30%±2.41%。无底质条件下,28℃组、25℃组和22℃组的PNR时间分别为7 d、8 d和9.5 d;28℃组的死亡率显著高于其他两组(P0.05);饥饿10 d后,3组仔乌的体重损失率分别为8.90%±1.65%、6.95%±2.64%和5.79%±3.54%。实验结果表明,底质粒径较小的沙泥组对缓解仔乌饥饿起到积极影响,而粒径较大的细沙底质的作用与沙泥底质相反,随水温的升高会降低仔乌的饥饿耐受力,使其提前进入PNR。     

Optimization of Antioxidant Peptides Production from the Mantle of Cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) Using RSM and Fractionation

Persian Gulf cuttlefish mantles were hydrolyzed (CPH) using alcalase, and the optimal hydrolysis parameters were obtained for the highest degree of hydrolysis (DH) and strongest antioxidant (based on their ability to quench 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals) activity using response surface methodology (RSM). The predicted optimal parameters of DH and quenching DPPH radicals was: pH of 7.88, 50.2°C, 150 min, and enzyme to substrate ratio of 1.5%. The reducing power (RP) and ability of optimized peptides to quench ABTS radicals in a gastro-intestinal track model system increased during the intestinal stage, while scavenging ability against DPPH radicals dropped (P < 0.05). The oxidation of lipid was retarded in a lecithin-liposome model added with optimized CPH in a concentration dependent response. Ultrafiltration of optimized CPH showed that the 3–10 KDa fraction had the greatest DPPH radical scavenging activity, the 10–30 KDa fraction had the highest reducing power, and the <3 KDa fraction had the greatest ABTS radical scavenging activity.