宁蒙引黄灌区田间节水潜力计算方法分析

以黄河干流宁蒙大型自流引黄灌区为研究对象,采用分项法以及两种计算顺序对宁蒙引黄灌区田间节水潜力进行了计算,分析了不同计算顺序对田间节水潜力计算结果的影响,并采用综合法对分项法计算结果进行了验证,表明计算方法可靠。     

Past, present and future criteria to breed crops for water-limited environments in West Africa

Asia's Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s has largely bypassed West Africa, and “modern” (high-yielding, input responsive) germplasm for staple crops has found comparatively little adoption, except for systems that are have good access to markets and sufficient water resources. It is unlikely, however, that breeding objectives conserving traditional crop characteristics as found in extensive systems would have been more successful. The authors identify systems caught in the agricultural transition from subsistence to intensified, market-oriented production as the most important target for crop improvement, and provide examples of new breeding objectives for cowpea, sorghum and upland rice. In each of these cases, breeders, with the help of physiologists, have developed innovative plant-type concepts that combine improved yield potential and input responsiveness with specific traditional crop characteristics that remain essential during the agricultural transition. In the case of cowpea, dual-purpose varieties were developed that produce a good grain yield due to an erect plant habit, then produce new leaves enabling a second harvest of green foliage. For upland rice systems that are limited by labour (mainly needed to control weeds that abound due to shortened fallow periods), a weed competitive plant type was developed from Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima crosses. Lastly, sorghum breeders who had previously deselected photoperiod sensitivity are now re-inserting sensitivity into plants having “modern” architecture, in order to allow for flexible sowing dates while maintaining an agro-ecologically optimal time of flowering near the end of the wet season. The ecophysiological basis of these plant types, their place in current and future cropping systems, as well as the problem of under-funding for their realisation, are discussed.     

三阶开环控制系统根轨迹图形的研判

利用根轨迹极坐标方程对三阶系统根轨迹进行了研究，得出了三阶系统根轨迹的基本图形为双曲线的结论，并对图形的各种具体情况进行了进一步的讨论。     

灌区评估指标的选取及灰关联分析

该文探讨了灌区评估指标体系的建立方法,对评估指标的选取与预处理进行了系统分析,并尝试应用灰色系统理论中的灰关联度分析法,对灌区评估指标进行关联分析,从而很方便地进行灌区之间的评估、排队及比较,与传统的强制打分法相比,此法简便易行,无需预先建立评判标准,因此是一种新的评估分析法。     

泄流激励下水工闸门运行模态参数自动识别

为了能够自动快速准确的识别泄流激励下水工闸门的模态参数,解决系统稳态图自动化定阶困难和真实模态筛选的问题,该研究提出了一种改进的势能聚类（Potential-based Hierarchical Agglomerative,PHA）的协方差驱动随机子空间（Covariance-driven Stochastic Subspace Identification,COV-SSI）水工闸门自动模态参数识别方法。首先采用小波阈值的方法对采集信号进行去噪处理。再通过奇异值加权判断指标（Singular-value Weighted Index,SWI）进行系统阶次及稳态图最大阶次的自动化确定,剔除稳态图中的噪声模态,进一步使用势能聚类方法实现结构模态参数的自动化识别。将该方法应用于泄流激励下弧形闸门试验模型中,并与锤击法测试结果进行对比分析,结果表明,所提识别方法在无需人工激励条件下,能够实现系统阶次和稳态图最大阶次的自动化确定,剔除稳定图中虚假极点。通过与试验对比,该方法平均相对误差为3.5%,可用于泄流激励下水工闸门结构运行模态参数的自动智能化识别。     

基于AHP和TOPSIS的污染场地修复技术筛选方法研究

污染场地作为潜在的污染源,多位于城市人口密集区,具有较大环境风险,且随我国城市产业结构的调整有逐年增加的趋势,引起国家的日益重视。目前国内外应用于污染场地修复的技术类型较多,采用科学的方法选择技术适用、经济可行和环境友好的修复技术具有重要意义。在分析了已有的污染场地修复技术筛选方法和解决多参数决策问题的方法及工具的基础上,提出了基于层次分析法（AHP）和逼近理想解的排序法（TOPSIS）的污染场地修复技术筛选决策流程,构建了污染场地修复技术筛选的指标体系,通过领域专家调查和AHP法获得修复技术筛选不同指标的权重,然后采用TOPSIS法对污染场地修复技术进行排序。利用该方法筛选与某案例污染场地的实际筛选结果接近一致。AHP和TOPSIS结合运用于解决复杂的多因素决策问题,既能克服AHP在不易定量化指标上的主观性,又能避免TOPSIS对指标权重的忽视,能够为土地拥有者或环境工作者解决实际修复技术筛选问题提供了有益的工具。     

秦岭百合繁育基地的选择研究

在秦岭的五个地区,对亚洲百合种球繁育表现进行了试验比较研究。对不同地区的种球膨大系数、子球增殖率、根系质量等特性进行了综合比较。结果表明,亚洲百合在秦岭进行繁育必须对具体地区进行严格的筛选。研究认为,位于汉中市的桑园坝产区可以作为亚洲百合在秦岭山区的理想繁育基地之一。     

玉米人工合成群体产量相关性状选择潜势及杂种优势模式分析

采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计 ,以分属于不同杂种优势群的 6个自交系做测验种 ,与 6个合成群体组配成 36个组合。结果表明 :单株产量的GCA以LBM最高 ,其次为WBM ,从株型、穗型性状的SCA分析合成群体与自交系组成了 9个优良杂种优势模式。单株产量最高的组合为HZ85×WBM ,其均值为 10 8 75g。通过对优良杂优模式内的变异参数估计 ,在群体内有丰富的变异个体 ,具有很强的选择潜势。组合内个体产量分布以及出现的频率对选系和轮回选择具有明确的指导意义。人工合成群体具有丰富的遗传变异 ,分属于不同的杂种优势类群 ,具有多元种质的特性。作为选系和轮回选择群体 ,具有明显的选择潜势     

元谋干热区反季节番茄引种试验初报

通过对16个番茄品种的对比与筛选试验,对各个品种生育期、植物学性状、产量、抗病性等指标进行综合比较与评价.试验结果表明,16个引进品种中,有3个优秀,5个良好,4个一般,4个差.综合性状优良、市场前景好的3个番茄品种金冠茄、特抗病钢王、朝阳207.可作元谋县反季节外销番茄生产.     

Intra‐household constraints on educational attainment in rural households in Papua New Guinea

This paper examines intra‐household and socio‐cultural factors leading to differential outcomes in educational attainment by gender and birth order amongst smallholder oil palm households in Papua New Guinea. Not all children share equitably in the household resources allocated to education: females have lower average education levels than males, and high birth order children have higher education attainment than lower birth order siblings, indicating preferential parental investment in sons and early born children. The findings demonstrate that despite households having regular access to relatively high incomes from oil palm and residing in close proximity to schools, primary school net enrolment rates remain significantly lower than those for East Asia and the Pacific region, and the millennium development goal of universal primary education has not been met. This finding is likely to be the result of a combination of intra‐household factors including gender power imbalances, low parental education levels, the agency of youth in educational decision‐making and the weakening attraction of education as a means of improving income‐earning potential.