3种不同精粗比日粮条件下空怀小尾寒羊母羊的消化与代谢

本试验选取18只体重约42 kg的空怀小尾寒羊母羊,按体重分为3组(n=6),分别喂给以玉米秸秆为粗饲料的精粗比为20∶80(日粮1)、30∶70(日粮2)和40∶60(日粮3)的日粮,以研究不同精粗比日粮对空怀小尾寒羊母羊消化代谢的影响。结果表明,3组羊只的有机物采食量分别为970.1±95.1、1137.3±144.8和1279.2±138.7 g/d.只;玉米秸秆的采食量分别为834.3±75.6、856.1±110.2和822.0±121.7 g/d.只;有机物表观消化率分别为52.53%±5.16%、55.73%±2.64%和59.68%±1.95%;粗蛋白质表观消化率分别为58.73%±7.60%、61.05%±2.61%和62.84%±2.33%;纤维素表观消化率分别为57.42%±6.04%、56.12%±1.06%和53.42%±3.83%;氮保留量分别为0.62±1.17、3.15±2.22和5.87±1.56 g/d.只;钙保留量分别为0.39±0.05、0.59±0.10和0.79±0.06 g/d.只;磷保留量分别为0.40±0.04、0.59±0.06和0.82±0.05 g/d.只;所获得的可消化能分别为9.40±1.37、12.31±2.05和15.09±1.83 M J/d.只;试验期体增重分别为-12.4±46.1、101.2±60.0和157.1±96.5 g/d.只。由此得出结论,在以玉米秸秆为粗饲料的条件下,当空怀小尾寒羊母羊日粮中的精料量为20%时,体重难以维持,并且氮保留率也低(3.29%);增加日粮中的精料量到30%或40%时,可提高日增重,并且使氮保留率达到13.82%或22.09%。增加日粮的精料比例可不同程度地提高有机物、能量、粗蛋白质和钙磷的表观消化率,但对纤维素类物质的消化有一定影响。增加动物的可消化能量供应可大幅度改善氮的利用率,也增加钙磷的保留量。提高日粮的精粗料比例,并不影响小尾寒羊对玉米秸秆的采食量。     

饲粮调控对猪胴体脂肪酸的组成改善及氧化稳定性的增强效应

从猪胴体脂肪酸组成特点及其改变的可能性入手 ,系统综述了饲粮中添加不同种类与水平的油脂、全脂油籽与饼粕对猪胴体脂肪酸组成的改善 ,以及维生素E、硒、维生素C、类胡萝卜素与肌肽对不饱和脂肪酸含量较高的胴体脂肪氧化稳定性的增强效应 ,并指出了今后的研究和发展方向。     

An Adjustable Nutrient Margin of Safety Comparison Using Linear and Stochastic Programming in an Excel Spreadsheet

A stochastic-linear program Excel workbook was developed that consisted of 2 worksheets illustrating linear and stochastic program approaches. Both approaches used the Excel Solver add-in. A published linear program problem served as an example for the ingredients, nutrients, and costs and as a benchmark in the development of the linear and stochastic programs. Standard deviations for ME and nutrients were taken or calculated from CV, and from a commercial publication of sources for amino acids. The Excel spreadsheet was set up so that the calculated margin of safety (MOS) value, according to the requested probability, was the same for both the linear and stochastic programs. As an example, the probability for meeting the nutrient value for protein was compared at 50% (MOS = 0) and 69% (MOS = 0.5) by using both linear and stochastic programming. Spreadsheet results illustrated the flexibility, accuracy, and precision of the stochastic program over the linear program in meeting the requested nutrient probability.     

高铜日粮对肉鸡肝细胞线粒体呼吸链复合物活性的影响

在对照组（Cu 11mg／kg，A组）基础上设高铜组3个（110mg／kg、220mg／kg和330mg／kg，分别对应为试验组B、C、D），试验期为60d，在12、24、36、48、60日龄采集肝组织，提取线粒体，测定线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ的活性变化。结果表明，11mg／kg和110mg／kg铜日粮添加组线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ的活性呈增加趋势。220mg／kg和330mg／kg铜日粮添加组肉鸡肝细胞线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ活性减弱，但主要在试验后期，尤其是48日龄之后，比对照组和各组内的试验前期下降明显（P〈0．05）。说明高铜日粮在一定程度上对线粒体复合物活性是有利的，但过高的铜添加到日粮中（≥220mg／kg）可降低肉鸡肝细胞线粒体呼吸链复合物的功能活性。据此可以推测，线粒体是机体铜过量状态下侵害的靶部位之一，而且能作用于线粒体各个复合物，造成线粒体呼吸功能减弱，呼吸链中电子传递发生故障，从而影响线粒体功能的正常发挥。     

关于桑蚕(Bombyx mori L.)对人工饮料摄食性的研究──Ⅰ.不同收蚁时间和饲料含水率对小蚕发育的影响

为解决发育不齐的问题，就家蚕不同收蚁时间、不同饲料含水率对家蚕幼虫发育的影响进行了研究。结果发现：①发育整齐度，孵化当天收蚁＞二夜包＞三夜包＞四夜包；②饲料含水率以73％左右为适当．过高或过低都会延缓蚕的发育，影响发育整齐度。     

Variability in feeding ecology of a South American cichlid: a reason for successful invasion in mediterranean‐type rivers?

Abstract –  Ecological attributes behind the success of the South American cichlid Australoheros facetus in mediterranean-type rivers remain unclear. This study addresses this issue, by analysing its abundance and feeding patterns in the lower Guadiana drainage (Portugal), during the dry season of 2003. Despite slight spatial variations in abundance and individual size, A. facetus seemed well established in the Guadiana, Vascão and Ardila rivers. No seasonal or size-related changes in feeding intensity were found, but the diet changed across rivers, over time and throughout ontogeny. Feeding seemed highly generalist, with fish apparently reacting to both spatial and temporal changes in food supply and tending to use the most abundant and easily accessible food items. Overall prey breadth was broad relative to that of other native and non-native species. It is suggested that a generalist feeding strategy may play a significant role in the establishment of non-native fish in mediterranean-type rivers.     

Protein quality of larval feed with increased concentration of hydrolysed protein: effects of heat treatment and leaching

Four heat coagulated early weaning diets with increasing concentrations of pepsin hydrolysed protein, were investigated with regard to the change in protein quality during feed production and exposure to leaching. Water-soluble N, trichloroacetic acid-soluble N and amino acid (AA) profiles were determined in finished diets and in diets leached for 6 min. In vitro diet digestibility was measured and related to increasing inclusion of hydrolysed protein and N leakage. Seventeen to 47% of soluble N in the feed ingredients was made insoluble by heat denaturation during feed production, but the concentration of peptides and free amino acids (FAA) were not influenced. All peptides/FAA and 70–80% of water-soluble protein were lost after exposure to leaching. Increased inclusion of hydrolysed protein increased the loss of crude protein (15–30%). All taurine and 30% of histidine was lost during leaching, no other major changes in AA profile were found. There was no difference in digestibility between diets exposed to leaching. However, leached diets showed reduced digestibility as compared to diets that had not been exposed to leaching. In conclusion micro-bound type diets as used in this study have a low efficiency in delivering soluble N to fish larvae and should be carefully considered for this purpose.     

A synthesis of large-scale patterns in the planktonic prey of larval and juvenile cod (Gadus morhua)

Data from 40 published studies of the diet composition of larval and juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) from around the northern North Atlantic were summarized to assess generic patterns in ontogenetic and regional variability in the key prey. The results showed that larvae at the northern edge of the latitudinal range of cod depend primarily on development stages of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus, whilst those at the southern edge depend on Para‐ and Pseudocalanus species. Juvenile cod preyed on a wider range of taxa than larvae, but euphausiids were the main target prey. Analysis of regional variations in the relative abundances of C. finmarchicus and Para/Pseudocalanus spp. in the plankton, as estimated by the continuous plankton recorder (CPR) surveys, showed a similar geographical pattern to the larval cod stomach contents. Comparison of CPR data from the 1960s and 70s with data from the 1990s showed that the boundary between C. finmarchicus and Para/Pseudocalanus spp. dominance has shifted northwards on both sides of the Atlantic, whilst the abundance of euphausiids in the southern cod stock regions has declined. The results are discussed in relation to regional differences in the response of cod stocks to climate variability.     

Interannual variation in the availability and utilization of euphausiids as prey for Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) along the south-west coast of Vancouver Island

The species and size composition of euphausiids consumed by Pacific hake ( Merluccius productus ) along the south-west coast of Vancouver Island were monitored during the 1989, 1990 and 1995–97 summer feeding seasons. Thysanoessa spinifera and Euphausia pacifica were the only euphausiid species eaten by hake. Hake persisted in selecting krill longer than 17 mm and consistently preferred T. spinifera, even though there was a substantial reduction in euphausiid abundance, a change in species composition and a shift in the size distribution to smaller individuals after the 1992–93 warm water years. The biomass of euphausiids available to hake after 1993 averaged 27% of that for 1991, the pre-ENSO year, and was 12% of the 1991 value in 1996. Hake predation was not responsible for the reduction in euphausiid abundance, as it was already low at euphausiid sizes smaller than those eaten by hake.