深水网箱圆台形囊网的设计与制作

深水网箱囊网受水流推动,形状随水阻力大小而变化。囊网形状的变化与养殖容积有关,并直接影响了网箱养殖效果。通过分析认为,圆台形重力式柔性囊网有较好的抗流效果,更适合于深水网箱养殖作业。通过实物试验,报道了圆台形囊网在流速0.45-0.75 m·s-1时的外形设计、配重及制作方法,为强流下的深水网箱囊网制作提供参考。     

东海蓝圆鲹的摄食习性

以2008年5月至2009年2月东海灯光围网采集到的叉长范围为52～276 mm的444尾蓝圆鲹为对象,对其胃含物进行分析,应用K-W非参数检验、卡方检验、聚类分析等方法,对不同季节和发育阶段条件下蓝圆鲹的食性进行了研究。结果表明,蓝圆鲹的摄食种类有80余种,浮游甲壳类(主要包括浮游甲壳类幼体、磷虾和桡足类等)和小型鱼类为其主要食物类群。若按相对重要性指数百分比(IRI%)排序,优势饵料种类最高的是七星底灯鱼(IRI%为40.44%),其次是口虾蛄Alima幼体(IRI%为14.24%)、太平洋磷虾(IRI%为11.26%)等。统计分析检验表明,蓝圆鲹的空胃率和平均胃饱满系数有显著的季节变化和叉长变化(P<0.01),摄食强度春季最高,秋季和夏季相对较高,而冬季最低;叉长50～99 mm和200～299mm的蓝圆鲹的摄食强度较高,其余叉长的强度相对较低。食物组成也随季节和发育阶段的不同而有所变化,在春季主要以七星底灯鱼和口虾蛄Alima幼体为食,夏季主要以甲壳类幼体为食,秋季主要以七星底灯鱼和太平洋磷虾为主食,冬季食物匮乏,小型桡足类丽隆剑水蚤和糠虾类占其食物组成的很大比例。聚类分析的结果表明,蓝圆鲹叉长200 mm是其摄食取向的拐点,小于这个叉长的蓝圆鲹以浮游甲壳类为主,大于这个叉长的以捕食小型鱼类为主,随着叉长的增大,蓝圆鲹更多的以游泳动物为食。根据蓝圆鲹摄食饵料的类群变化,东海蓝圆鲹的营养级为3.55,属于浮游动物和游泳动物混合食性的肉食性鱼类。     

钓鱼岛近海的涡旋及其与马面鲀渔场的关系

本文根据1981—1984年各年春季(4月),绿鳍马面鲀产卵场的调查资料及产量统计资料,通过水温、盐度、密度σ_t比容偏差10~((?)δ)和地转流等海况要素,对钓鱼岛近海的涡旋特征、强度、位置变化及结合渔况进行分析研究。初步认为钓鱼岛东北海区即黑潮及其分支处附近,存在一气旋型涡旋,涡旋边缘的北侧和西侧流速较小,是马面鲀的过路渔场和产卵场。春季马面鲀的产卵场基本集中在钓鱼岛近海(26°N断面)的涡旋区及其西侧边缘的近底层,水温为17—18℃,盐度为34.6—34.8‰,比容偏差10~((?)δ)为270一290。若以涡旋底部的比容偏差10~((?)δ)作为衡量外洋水强弱的指标,则它与上海、舟山渔业公司4—5月份的马面鲀产量之间的相关系数为0.913;与马面鲀年总产量的相关为0.812。故认为该水文要素可提供渔获量预报的一项指标。马面鲀仔鱼基本沿涡旋周围的海流逐步向东北方向漂移。     

南海北部浮游动物多样性研究

1997～1999年,对南海北部浮游动物进行了4个季节的专项调查,结果表明,调查海区共出现浮游动物8门20大类709种。优势种的组成各海域显示明显差异,调查期间共有8种优势种,即:异尾宽水蚤(Temoradiscaudata)、普通波水蚤(Undinulavulgaris)、微刺哲水蚤(Canthocalanuspauper)、叉胸刺水蚤(Centropagesfurcatus)、亚强真哲水蚤(Eu calanussubcrassus)、精致真刺水蚤(Euchaetaconcinna)、肥胖箭虫(Sagittaenflata)和中型莹虾(Luciferintermedius)。浮游动物4季总生物量变化范围为18.08～38.27mg/m3,平均25.27mg/m3,以冬季最高,夏、春季次之,秋季最低。平面分布呈斑块状,并随季节的变化发生漂移,春、秋季密集区主要分布于台湾浅滩上升流区和北部湾北部近海区;夏季,自台湾浅滩至粤西近海一带水域密集度较高;冬季分布则相对较为均匀。栖息密度范围为0.24～621.13ind/m3,4季平均27.52ind/m3,平面分布总体以近岸水域最高,不同季节,分布趋势发生一定变化,高密集区主要分布在台湾浅滩、北部湾北部和粤西近海。生物多样性指数范围为1.63～5.55,平均3.90,自北向南递增。季节变化以夏、春季较高,秋、冬季较低。多样性阈值变化范围为0.02～4.63,平均2.93,多样性水平Ⅱ级,显示南海北部浮游动物多样性丰富。     

Distribution and migration of Japanese common squid, Todarodes pacificus, in the southwestern part of the East (Japan) Sea

Data on squid catches of Korean and Japan, water temperatures at depth of 100 m, and night-visible images of fishing boats collected in the East (Japan) Sea from 1970 to 1999 were analyzed to examine the distribution and migration of the Japanese common squid, Todarodes pacificus, in the southwestern part of the East (Japan) Sea. The main fishing grounds detected from squid catch in each grid (0.5° latitude × 0.5° longitude) by Korean squid fishery and night-visible images provided by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) were situated in the southwestern part of the East (Japan) Sea. The distribution and migration route was illustrated from squid catch in each grid and DMSP OLS image. In years of high catches, the fishing grounds were situated mainly between Ulleung Island and the eastern coastal waters of Korea, while in years of low catches they were situated between Ulleung Island and the Yamato Bank in the central East (Japan) Sea. The center of fishing activity began moving northward from around the Korea/Tsushima strait to the northern boundary of the Tsushima Warm Current in March, reaching into the Yamato Bank in September, and then returning to the strait by February. The northward and southward migration routes differed; the northward migration route occurred closer to the mainland coast of Korea than the southward migration route did. This work suggests T. pacificus begin their northward migration almost 2 months earlier than previously suggested.     

东海中北部小眼绿鳍鱼的摄食习性分析

根据2008年5月~2009年2月期间采集的渔获样品,对东海中北部小眼绿鳍鱼(Chelidonich-thys spinosus)胃含物进行分析。结果表明:小眼绿鳍鱼食物组成以磷虾类(IRI=1308.55)为主,其次依次为长尾类(IRI=563.09)、鱼类(IRI=170.59)和糠虾类(IRI=31.85);其优势饵料种类为太平洋磷虾、细巧仿对虾、细螯虾、戴氏赤虾、六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼、漂浮小井伊糠虾等。小眼绿鳍鱼终年摄食,其摄食率为83.25%,最高饱满指数达171.86‰,平均饱满指数18.84‰,这表明小眼绿鳍鱼具有较强的摄食强度。同时单因素方差检验表明,小眼绿鳍鱼的摄食强度无显著的季节变化,而有显著的体长变化。     

黄、渤海半滑舌鳎种群遗传结构的同工酶分析

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术检测黄海、渤海半滑舌鳎两个群体的同工酶组织特异性并分析和研究其群体遗传结构。结果表明,半滑舌鳎的眼、鳃、肌肉、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、鳍条、脑等9种组织和器官对18种同工酶的表达呈现明显的组织特异性。对肌肉和肝脏两种组织的PGDH、MPI、IDHP、SOD、AAT、MDH、LDH、G3PDH、PGM、LAP、ADH、SDH和ALP共13种同工酶进行了遗传学分析,共记录16个基因座位。其中,黄海群体在4个基因位点(IDHP、PGM、G3PDH、SDH)、渤海群体在5个基因位点(IDHP、PGM、MDH2、SDH、ALP)表现为多态,黄海和渤海群体的多态位点比例分别为0.2500和0.3125;两个群体的平均观测杂合度分别为0.0143、0.0104,平均预期杂合度分别为0.0140、0.0102;平均有效等位基因数则分别为1.0151和1.0108。两群体间的遗传距离为0.00012。半滑舌鳎的两个群体遗传多样性水平较低,两群体间无明显的遗传分化。     

东海带鱼生殖和补充特征的变动

根据1986—2000年对东海和南黄海渔获带鱼的生物学基础调查，利用世代分析方法计算了东海带鱼的资源数量，分析了东海带鱼生殖和补充特征的变动状况，同时研究了环境与带鱼补充量变动的关系。结果表明，随着捕捞压力的增大，东海带鱼的最小成熟体长、产卵亲体的平均体长、平均体重组成进一步缩小，个体繁殖力提高而卵径变小；实行伏季休渔后，东海带鱼的补充群体数量大幅度增加，单位亲体的补充量比伏休前增加45％～60％，证明了伏季休渔的生态效益；带鱼补充群体数量与亲体数量、海中温度、伏休时间成正比。目前东海带鱼的亲体数量仍显不足，应进一步减少对带鱼的捕捞强度。     

南海北部海域多齿蛇鲻的种群分析

对南海北部海域5个多齿蛇鲻地理群体(北海、湛江、茂名、东莞、汕尾)共78个个体的线粒体控制区基因序列进行了扩增测序。在78个个体的568bp序列中共检测到48个单倍型,39个变异位点。经分子变异等级分析(AMOVA)得出5个地理群体内遗传变异度为98.82%,群体间遗传变异度仅为1.18%,各群体间成对遗传变异固定指数FST值在0.00024～0.03008;78个个体间的遗传距离在0～0.025。通过对基于序列片段构建的NJ树和基于序列单倍型利用中介网络法构建的群体间关系网的分析发现,5个群体间有明显的基因交流,遗传分化差异不大;再结合种群、种及属的界定标准,判定5个多齿蛇鲻群体归属于同一种群;而且,在经历快速增长、变异和瓶颈期之后,多齿蛇鲻种群就以小群体模式继续快速增长,形成地理群体。     

Abnormalities in the juvenile stage of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) reared at different temperatures: types, prevalence and effect on growth

Osteological malformations are always considered an important problem in intensive aquaculture. This work studies the effect of rearing temperature on malformations in sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. To this end, two batches of the species were subjected to the following incubation/cultivation temperatures: 15 °C/natural and 19/19 °C, from fertilization until 190 days after hatching. The different malformations were studied in 1643 juveniles at 190 days and classified by categories. The Chi-square statistic was calculated to verify the relationship between the presence of anomalies and the application of different temperatures. The percentage of anomalies observed in individuals reared at a high temperature (19/19 °C) was 66.44%. In both temperature systems, opercular malformations were those which caused a greater delay in growth. The results found indicated that temperature played a very important role in the development of deformations, which may be of interest from the viewpoint of aquaculture.