拟穴青蟹14-3-3基因全长cDNA的克隆及组织表达分析

采用RT-PCR及RACE技术,从拟穴青蟹眼柄组织中克隆获得14-3-3基因cDNA全序列.序列分析结果表明:拟穴青蟹14-3-3基因全长1112bp,开放阅读框长744 bp,编码由247个氨基酸组成的蛋白,分子量为28.086 ku,等电点为4.675.与其他物种14-3-3基因氨基酸序列进行同源性比较分析显示,拟穴青蟹14-3-3基因与斑节对虾14-3-3基因同源性最高(95％),依次为墨吉对虾(93％)、苜蓿切叶蜂(92％).聚类分析表明,拟穴青蟹14-3-3基因氨基酸序列与斑节对虾、墨吉对虾紧密聚为一支.经荧光定量检测,拟穴青蟹14-3-3基因在肝胰腺和肌肉中的表达量较高,其次为鳃、眼柄、心脏和肠,在胃中表达最少.盐度骤变实验结果表明:盐度胁迫24 h后,盐度的下降(5)或者上升(15、20、25、30)都引起了14-3-3基因在鳃中的表达量极显著上升(P＜0.01),盐度变化的幅度越大,14-3-3基因的表达量越多.实验结果为进一步深入研究14-3-3基因的功能及调控机理奠定基础.     

蛇足石杉茎尖灭菌方法与组织培养的研究

[目的]研究蛇足石杉组织培养的灭菌方法和培养条件。[方法]以野生孢子体茎尖为外植体,先用不同灭菌液单独或配合使用对外植体进行表面灭菌,将表面无菌外植体转到添加多种抗生素和孔雀石绿的培养基上杀灭内生菌,然后将外植体分别接种到不同的培养基上,筛选茎尖培养的最佳灭菌方法和培养条件。[结果]最佳表面灭菌方法为70%乙醇灭菌40 s,0.1%升汞溶液灭菌8 min,70%双氧水溶液灭菌10 min,培养2周,表面无菌率为63%。适宜的杀灭内生菌方法为表面无菌的外植体在附加0.5 mg/L孔雀石绿和100 mg/L抗生素AAS的培养基上培养4~6周,无菌率达52%。适宜的培养基为1/4MS矿质元素+1/2MS有机元素+2%蔗糖+4.5 g/L琼脂,pH5.8。在此培养基上茎尖外植体可生长出新枝,并可再生根。[结论]建立了蛇足石杉茎尖组织培养的灭菌方法且筛选出适合其生长的适宜培养基,为蛇足石杉组织培养的深入研究提供实验基础。     

锯缘青蟹呼肠孤病毒p40蛋白的体外表达与单克隆抗体制备

锯缘青蟹呼肠孤病毒(Scylla serrata reovirus,SsRV)第9节段(S9)编码的p40蛋白可能为病毒的甲基转移酶(methyltransferase)。为了便于确认p40在病毒复制过程中扮演的角色,将S9片段的开放阅读框(ORF)克隆到原核表达载体pET28a(+),实现了在宿主表达菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中的高效表达,进而纯化了重组表达蛋白p40(rp40),并制备了抗SsRV p40蛋白的2株单克隆抗体(4B7、3E5)。经Western blot分析表明,2株单克隆抗体均可特异地识别rp40蛋白,以及识别SsRV病毒蛋白中分子量为46 ku和40 ku 2条蛋白条带。实验结果不但确认SsRV p40为SsRV的结构蛋白,也提示p40和p46蛋白可能具有相同的抗原表位。为该蛋白的后续功能研究奠定了基础。     

Optimum time for weaning South African <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scylla serrata</Emphasis> (Forskål) larvae from rotifers to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemia</Emphasis>

To determine the optimum time at which to wean Scylla serrata larvae from rotifers onto Artemia two experiments were conducted, approximately 1 month apart, using larvae from two different female crabs. In the first experiment, the larvae in three treatment groups, with nine replicates each, were fed rotifers for the first 8 days after hatching. Artemia were introduced on days after hatch (DAH) 0 – during the first zoeal instar (treatment R + A); on DAH 4 – during the second zoeal instar (treatment R4A); on DAH 8 – during the third zoeal instar (treatment R8A). In a control (ROT) larvae were fed with rotifers exclusively for 18 days until the completion of metamorphosis to megalopa. In the second experiment, the same four feeding schedules as in experiment 1 were used with an additional group of larvae (treatment AC) that were fed only on Artemia throughout the rearing period. Similar results were recorded in the two experiments. Larvae in treatments R + A and R4A performed significantly better than those in treatments R8A, ROT and AC. This was particularly evident when examining the proportion of zoeae which successfully completed metamorphosis to megalopa. Poor performance of larvae in treatments AC and ROT implied that rotifers are needed as a first food, but that rotifers alone do not fill the nutritional requirements of S. serrata larvae. Poor performance of larvae in treatment R8A suggested that the diet should be supplemented with Artemia before the end of the zoea 3 stage.     

Improved techniques for rearing mud crab Scylla paramamosain (Estampador 1949) larvae

A series of rearing trials in small 1 L cones and large tanks of 30–100 L were carried out to develop optimal rearing techniques for mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) larvae. Using water exchange (discontinuous partial water renewal or continuous treatment through biofiltration) and micro‐algae (Chlorella or Chaetoceros) supplementation (daily supplementation at 0.1–0.2 million cells mL⁻¹ or maintenance at 1–2 millions cells mL⁻¹), six different types of rearing systems were tried. The combination of a green‐water batch system for early stages and a recirculating system with micro‐algae supplementation for later stages resulted in the best overall performance of the crab larvae. No clear effects of crab stocking density (50–200 larvae L⁻¹) and rotifer (30–60 rotifers mL⁻¹) and Artemia density (10–20 L⁻¹) were observed. A stocking density of 100–150 zoea 1 (Z1) L⁻¹, combined with rotifer of 30–45 mL⁻¹ for early stages and Artemia feeding at 10–15 nauplii mL⁻¹ for Z3–Z5 seemed to produce the best performance of S. paramamosain larvae. Optimal rations for crab larvae should, however, be adjusted depending on the species, larval stage, larval status, prey size, rearing system and techniques. A practical feeding schedule could be to increase live food density from 30 to 45 rotifers mL⁻¹ from Z1 to Z2 and increase the number of Artemia nauplii mL⁻¹ from 10 to 15 from Z3 to Z5. Bacterial disease remains one of the key factors underlying the high mortality in the zoea stages. Further research to develop safe prophylactic treatments is therefore warranted. Combined with proper live food enrichment techniques, application of these findings has sustained a survival rate from Z1 to crab 1–2 stages in large rearing tanks of 10–15% (maximum 30%).     

Influence of highly unsaturated fatty acids in live food on larviculture of mud crab Scylla paramamosain (Estampador 1949)

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) levels in rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia on the survival, development and metamorphosis of mud crab Scylla paramamosain larvae. Five different lipid emulsions, varying in the level of total n‐3 and n‐6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), DHA, EPA and ARA were used to manipulate the fatty acid profile of the live food. Fatty acid profiles of the live food and crab larvae at zoea one, three and five stages were analysed to study the HUFA uptake by the larvae. The fatty acid content of the live food affected the fatty acid profiles of the crab larvae. In both experiments, the survival rate in the zoeal stages was not statistically different among treatments. However, larval development rate and metamorphosis success were affected by the dietary treatments. In this respect, the DHA/EPA ratio in the live food seems to be a key factor. Enrichment emulsions with a very high (50%) total HUFA content but a low DHA/EPA ratio (0.6), or zero total HUFA content caused developmental retardation and/or metamorphosis failure. An emulsion with a moderate total HUFA (30%) and a high DHA/EPA ratio (4) was the best in terms of larval development during the zoeal stages and resulted in improved metamorphosis. Dietary ARA seemed to improve first metamorphosis, but its exact role needs further clarification. For the larval rearing of S. paramamosain, an enrichment medium containing about 30% total n‐3 HUFA with a minimum DHA/EPA ratio of 1 is recommended. Further investigation is needed on the total HUFA and optimum DHA/EPA ratio requirements for each crab larval stage.     

The effects of supplemental dietary cholesterol on growth, development and survival of mud crab, Scylla serrata, megalopa fed semi-purified diets

The effects of varying levels of dietary cholesterol on growth, development time and survival of mud crab, Scylla serrata megalopa were investigated using semi-purified microbound diets (MBD). Five iso-energetic diets containing different level of cholesterol ranging from 0.14% to 1% of dry weight of the diet were tested. Fifteen megalopa were reared individually for each dietary treatment, and development time and survival were recorded on a daily basis. More than 25% of megalopa from all treatments were able to metamorphose into the first crab stage, suggesting that the endogenous level of cholesterol in the basal diet (0.14%) was sufficient to support development of the megalopa stage of this species. Widest mean carapace width (3.53 ± 0.08 mm) and highest mean dry weight (2.11 ± 0.22 mg) were recorded for juveniles that molted from megalopa fed live Artemia, whereas no megalopa in the unfed control treatment metamorphosed into crabs. The average development time from megalopa to the juvenile crab stage varied between the treatments, where megalopa fed live Artemia or MBD containing 0.2%, 0.4% or 0.8% total cholesterol showed the most synchronized molting (between 8.0 and 9.9 days). Longest development time was recorded for the megalopa fed diets containing 0.14% or 1% total cholesterol (both 11 days). Highest survival (74.3%) was recorded for the megalopa fed a diet containing 0.8% cholesterol. The results of this study are valuable in research to develop formulated diets for mud crab larvae as a replacement for live food in hatchery culture.     

Purification of molt-inhibiting hormone-like peptides with hyperglycemic activity from the eyestalks of the crab Scylla serrata

ABSTRACT:   In the present study, putative molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH)-like peptides from the sinus glands of Scylla serrata ( S. serrata ) were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by immunoassay and bioassay (inhibition of ecdysteroid synthesis by Y-organs). Results of double immunodiffusion demonstrated the cross-reactivity of Homarus americanus MIH antiserum with the S. serrata MIH-like peptides, indicating the existence of close immunological relationship between crab and lobster peptides. Of the three molt-inhibiting immuno-reactive peptides, two also possess significant hyperglycemic activity.     

冬季不同海区锯缘青蟹细胞膜脂肪酸组成比较

通过比较冬季不同海区锯缘青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)细胞膜脂肪酸组成,旨在理解冬季低温对甲壳动物细胞膜脂肪酸组成的影响。利用气相色谱法测定采自厦门和宁海海区锯缘青蟹鳃、肝胰腺和肌肉细胞膜中脂肪酸组成。结果显示:锯缘青蟹鳃和肝胰腺细胞膜中C16∶0和C16∶1在宁海海区显著低于厦门海区(P<0.01或P<0.05);肝胰腺细胞膜中C18∶0在宁海海区显著低于厦门海区(P<0.01);C20∶4在鳃、肝胰腺和肌肉细胞膜中宁海海区均显著高于厦门海区(P<0.01或P<0.05);肝胰腺中C20∶5宁海海区也显著高于厦门海区(P<0.01)。鳃和肝胰腺细胞膜中饱和指数∑SFA/∑UFA宁海海区显著低于厦门海区(P<0.01或P<0.05);肌肉细胞膜中无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明:冬季温度较低的宁海海区,细胞膜脂肪酸组成中不饱和脂肪酸增加,饱和指数下降,从而维持细胞膜的流动性和正常生理功能的执行。研究亮点:本研究率先以采自冬季不同海区的锯缘青蟹为研究对象,比较其鳃、肝胰腺和肌肉中细胞膜脂肪酸组成,研究冬季自然低温对青蟹细胞膜脂肪酸组成影响;探讨不同器官组织细胞膜在冬季低温适应上的差异,为青蟹...