银川平原湖泊湿地不同水深梯度下芦苇种群生长特征

银川平原湖泊湿地芦苇种群发挥着重要的生态功能。以银川平原湖泊湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis)为研究对象,设置了4个水深梯度,即Ⅰ(0~5 cm)、Ⅱ(5~25 cm)、Ⅲ(25~50 cm)、Ⅳ(50 cmⅣ150 cm),通过野外调查采样、实验室分析,探讨芦苇种群生物量、株高的动态变化规律及其对不同水深环境的响应,分析不同水深梯度株高与生物量的协同适应能力。结果表明:水深对生物量、株高的影响极显著(P0.01),生物量随着水深的增加呈现波动增加趋势,株高对水深增加的响应为非线性正相关;不同水深梯度对生物量、株高的累积速率表现出不同的极显著差异(P0.01)。各水深梯度生物量累积在时间序列上为单峰形曲线,株高变化规律为先单调上升后维持不变。水越深生长速率越快,生物量和株高的累积效应越明显;芦苇种群对水深梯度变化的生态适应能力并非线性,水深过高(50 cmⅣ150 cm)或过低(0~5 cm)对芦苇生长都有一定的抑制作用,适宜水深(5~50cm)株高与生物量的耦合程度高,芦苇长势良好。该研究为确定芦苇生长最佳水深阈值区间和有序推进银川平原湖泊湿地生态恢复工程提供了科学依据。     

Pathogenicity of Saprolegnia species associated with outbreaks of salmonid saprolegniosis in Japan

The present study was conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity and pathology of Saprolegnia salmonis NJM 9851 and Saprolegnia parasitica NJM 9868, isolated from outbreaks of saprolegniosis, against the immature stages of five species of salmonids. The cumulative mortalities of the tested fish groups that were exposed to 2 × 10 ⁵  spore/L concentrations of S. salmonis NJM 9851 were 90% for brown trout, 93.3% for sockeye salmon and 100% for rainbow tout, masu salmon, and Japanese char. In contrast, all salmonid species exposed to 2 × 10 ⁵  spore/L concentrations of S. parasitica NJM 9868 experienced cumulative mortalities of 100%. The histopathological changes of the saprolegniosis lesions found in all sites of infection were loss of the epidermis, edema of the hypodermis and different degrees of degenerative changes in the underlying musculature. It is clear from our results that S. salmonis NJM 9851 and S. parasitica NJM 9868 are highly pathogenic species to five species of salmonid fishes     

Instream size segregation and density of Geotria australis ammocoetes in two New Zealand streams

Geotria australis occurred almost to the upstream limit of detectable discharge in two New Zealand streams. The length, and consequently age, of larvae differed over the course of the stream and smallest animals - presumed to be age 0 - predominated upstream. Metamorphosing larvae (mean length 99.5 mm) typically occurred in downstream reaches, where flows were higher and substrate was coarser. We estimated that annual larval survival was 47% for age 0 to 1 and 77% for age 1 to 2. Differences in the relation between length and weight occurred both between years within a stream and between streams; thus, we assume growth is generally variable. The density of ammocoetes in New Zealand streams ranged from 0 to 104 m^?2 and was significantly related to substrate type and depth in a multiple linear regression model. Because of the predictable nature of lamprey distribution and abundance, we believe it should be possible to estimate the absolute abundance of ammocoetes in a catchment with only a limited assessment of substrate properties.     

Inshore occurrence of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis ) at Subantarctic Marion Island

Opportunistic shore-based sightings of southern right whales Eubalaena australis for Marion Island (46°54’S, 37°45’E) were documented at five different times between 1974 and 2009. Whales were sighted between May and September and exclusively on the eastern lee side of the Island. Notwithstanding some observer biases over this time frame, the species appears to be an infrequent visitor to the inshore marine environment of Marion Island.     

白木通提取物活血通脉的药理学效果研究

通过对白木通(A kebia trifoliata subsp.australis)茎藤和果实的皂苷、多糖和水提液等提取物饲养小白鼠,分别测定10 d后小白鼠的脾脏指数、胸腺指数、血浆白细胞总教、中性杆状白细胞、中性分叶白细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞百分率,同时还测定了小白鼠血液、肝、脑组织中蛋白质、MDA含量和SOD活性,探讨白木通茎藤和果实提取物对小白鼠活血通脉的效果.结果表明,白木通茎藤水提液明显提高了小白鼠的脾脏指数,效果显著优于果实多糖和果实皂苷；茎藤多糖显著提高小白鼠肝、脑组织中的SOD活性；白木通茎藤和果实提取物对小白鼠白细胞总数没有影响,但白木通果实皂苷能极显著地提高小白鼠淋巴细胞百分比.     

杉木泡桐混交幼林地土壤的物理性质

１９９８年,在福建南洲林业采育场进行了杉木纯林和杉木泡桐混交林林地土壤物理性质的对比研究。与相同立地条件杉木纯林相比,杉木与泡桐混交之后,土壤结构体破坏率降低８．３４％～９．１６％,非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度和通气度分别提高２．４８％,２．０１％,４．４７％和２．７４％。说明混交林地土壤结构性能变好,土壤物理性状有所改善,从而促进林木生长,提高林地生产力。杉木泡桐混交林中,杉木的胸径、树高     

芦苇的饲料利用研究进展

介绍了芦苇的饲用价值,从青贮、畜禽饲用、水产动物饲用等方面综述了芦苇的饲用研究进展,以期为芦苇饲料的开发与加工提供参考。     

Gonad histology and plasma steroid profiles in wild New Zealand freshwater eels (Anguilla dieffenbachii and A. australis) before and at the onset of the natural spawning migration. II. Males

Immature and maturing male New Zealand freshwater eels, the shortfinned Anguilla australis and the longfinned A. dieffenbachii, were caught from the wild to obtain data on the natural reproductive physiology of these fish. Plasma samples were analysed for steroid hormones by radioimmunoassay and values related to the developmental stage of the testes. Our histological observations on testes largely confirmed those reported previously. Thus, the gonad of non-migrating eels often appeared undifferentiated or poorly developed, containing only type A or early type B spermatogonia. In contrast, the testes of migrating shortfins were in early spermatogenesis as evidenced by the presence of late type B spermatogonia. Similarly, early spermatogenic stages were common in migratory longfins, but eels in midspermatogenesis (all germ cell stages present) were also encountered. Unlike a previous study, patches of testicular regression were commonly seen in migrants of both species. Levels of several androgens, androstenedione (AD), testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone (KT), were elevated in migrants compared to non-migrants. AD was higher in early to midspermatogenic A. dieffenbachii (0.63 ng ml–1) than in A. australis (0.25 ng ml–1) in the spermatogonial proliferation stage, while the inverse was observed for KT (27.78 ng ml–1 and 50.52 ng ml–1, respectively). Levels of 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one were nearly undetectable (less than 0.12 ng ml–1) in all animals. Plasma 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations in fyke-caught eels were elevated to a greater extent in non-migrants (up to 1.92 ng ml–1) than in migrants (around 0.5 ng ml–1), and correlated well with levels of cortisol in all groups. Histological results are compared to previous studies and the presence of regression in the testes is discussed. In addition, the role of steroid hormones, in particular AD and KT, in reproduction and stress is considered.     

Experimental pathogenicity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), of two distinct morphotypes of long-spined Saprolegnia isolates obtained from wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and river water

Juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were experimentally infected to investigate the pathogenicity of 20 isolates of two morphotypes of long-haired Saprolegnia obtained from wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and river water in Spain. The trout were exposed to 2 × 10⁵ and 3 × 10⁵ L^–1 zoospores. Saprolegnia infection could not occur without 'ami-momi' treatment. Pathogenicity varied greatly among isolates as mortality ranged from 0 to 100% of the fish. There was a statistically significant difference ( P  < 0.001) between the mortality caused by morphotype I isolates and that produced by those of morphotype II. The most pathogenic isolates usually belonged to morphotype II, consisting of isolates which had secondary cysts with bundles of hooked hairs which were shorter and less numerous than those of morphotype I; the morphotype I isolates usually had low pathogenicity. Lesions were most frequently found on the fins. Cultures detected the presence of Saprolegnia in internal organs. Histopathology of the intestine suggests that Saprolegnia may reach this and other organs via the blood stream from surface lesions.