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111.
112.
飞虱是农业的重要害虫之一,其体内存在大量共生菌,它们为寄主提供氨基酸、固醇类物质以及蛋白质等多种营养成分,保证飞虱的正常生长和繁殖。利用对飞虱内生真菌28S rDNA基因克隆和序列比对分析的方法,首次对烟翅白背飞虱Sogatella Kolophon和长绿飞虱Saccharosydne procerus体内内生真菌的多样性进行研究。结果显示,烟翅白背飞虱腹部脂肪体内可能存在4种内生真菌,其中热带假丝酵母Candida tropicalis为优势共生菌;长绿飞虱可能存在6种内生真菌,其中担子菌酵母Derxomyces anomala和泡状莫氏黑粉菌Moesziomyces bullatus系为飞虱首次发现。另外,在这2种飞虱体内均发现了一种与白地霉 Galactomyces geotrichum相似度为99%的内生真菌,这也是该菌在飞虱体内的首次报道。本研究为以后探讨内生真菌与其宿主的进化关系及探索利用内生菌防治飞虱害虫奠定了基础。 相似文献
113.
Multiple greyish‐white visceral nodules containing abundant rapidly growing and acid‐fast bacteria, subsequently identified as Mycobacterium salmoniphilum, were detected in moribund and newly dead market‐sized fish during a period of increased mortality in an Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, farm in western Norway. Isolates cultured from diseased fish were phenotypically consistent with Mycobacterium sp. previously isolated from Atlantic salmon [MT 1890 (= NCIMB13533), MT1892, MT1900 and MT1901] in the Shetland Isles, Scotland. Partial sequences of 16S rDNA, ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1), 65‐kDa heat‐shock protein (Hsp65) and β subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) revealed 97‐99% similarity with M. salmoniphilum type strain ATCC 13758T. The source of infection was not confirmed. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled following experimental challenge of Atlantic salmon with field isolate NVI6598 ( FJ616988 ). Mortality was recorded in experimentally infected fish; however, the infection remained subclinical in the majority of affected fish over the 131‐day challenge period. 相似文献
114.
Pyrosequencing was used to study the effect of rotation and tillage on total bacterial communities. We designed primers to the bacterial 16s rDNA and amplified DNA from soil samples from a long-term tillage/rotation trial in Kansas for two seasons. The 2 × 2 factorial trial had two rotation treatments (wheat-wheat and wheat-soybean) and two tillage treatments (conventional and no-till). A total of 20,180 16s rDNA sequences were generated and 2337 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were assembled using a 97% similarity cut-off. The phylum Proteobacteria represented 38% of 299 identified taxa. The second most abundant phylum was Acidobacteria, making up 20% of the sequences, the majority of which were Acidobacteria Group 1. The phyla Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes comprised 12% and 3.5% of the sequences. Other groups detected included TM7, Nitrospira, Verrucomicrobia, and Bacteroidetes. Some clusters of Acidobacteria Group 1 were more frequent in continuous wheat versus wheat-soybean rotation, some Acidobacteria Group 2 were more frequent in no-till, and some Acidobacteria Group 4 were more frequent in wheat-soybean rotation. These results were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Pyrosequencing provided taxonomic information about the overall bacterial community, and detected community shifts resulting from different cropping practices. 相似文献
115.
116.
A novel thermophilic and heterotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria, strain CW-03, was isolated from crude oil well whose depth was 3.2 kilometer. The bacterium was strictly anaerobic; it does not endure acid and its maximum surviving temperature was 70℃. Many short chain organic compounds can be utilized as electron donors, which were acetate, formate, lactate, propionate, pyruvate, butyrate, succinate, malate, fumarate, valerate, caproate, heptanoate, octanoate, decanoate, tridecanoate, pentadecanoate, palmitate, heptadecanoate or ethanol, while sulfate and sulfite were used as electron acceptors. The following substrates were not utilized: benzoate undecanoate, dodecanoate, tetradecane, propanol, butanol, H2+CO2 (80/20%; v/v) and acetate (1mM) + H2. When lactate was used as electron donors, sulfite and thiosulfate, but not sulfer and nitrate, can be used as electron acceptors. Strain CW-03 was motile, curved rod, Gram-positive, pole flagellum and spore-forming. On the basis of 16S rRNA sequence alignment (accession numbers: AY703032), CW-03 should be included in the genus Desulfotomaculum with BLAST analysis on line. However, some of its physiology and multiple sequence alignments were different from other members of this genus. Therefore, CW-03 should be recognized as a new species, for which we propose the name Desulfotomaculum chinamiddle (Bacteria, Firmicutes, Clostridia, Clostridiales, Peptococcaceae). 相似文献
117.
118.
草莓褐色轮斑病近年越来越严重,尤其在草莓育苗阶段。从草莓发病叶片、匍匐茎上分离得到病原菌,对病原菌进行形态特征观察、生物学特性研究、ITS序列分析以及室内药效试验。结果表明:该病原菌为Sphaeronaemella fragariae。该菌菌丝生长最适温度范围是25~28 ℃;适宜pH为6;在供试的几种碳、氮源中,最适的碳源是蔗糖,最适的氮源是酵母浸出液。在供试的9种药剂中,以咪鲜胺1 000倍液对病菌的抑制作用最好。 相似文献
119.
Joke Geets Brigitte Borremans Jaco Vangronsveld Ludo Diels Dani?l van der Lelie 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2005,5(3):149-163
Background, Aims and Scope Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are known for their capacity to reduce and precipitate heavy metals (HM) as metal sulfides,
offering the opportunity to create an in situ reactive zone for the treatment of heavy metal-contaminated groundwater, a process
called in situ metal precipitation (ISMP). The applicability of the ISMP technology first has to be investigated at a laboratory
scale before going into an on site application. The evaluation and optimization of the ISMP process is facilitated when physical/chemical
analysis techniques are combined with molecular tools that specifically monitor the abundance, diversity and dynamics of the
indigenous sulfate reducing microbial community. In this study, batch experiments were conducted in order to investigate the
feasibility of ISMP as a groundwater remediation strategy for an industrial site contaminated with elevated levels of Zn,
Cd, Co and Ni.
Methods The potential of different types of carbon source/ electron donor (lactate, acetate, methanol, ethanol, Hydrogen Release
Compound?, molasses) to stimulate the sulfate reduction and metal precipitation activity of the naturally present (or indigenous)
SRB community was explored. In addition, the effect of amending vitamin B12 and yeast extract was evaluated. The ISMP process
was monitored by combining analytical analyzes of process parameters (SO42-concentration, heavy metal concentrations,
pH, Eh) with molecular tools such as SRB subgroup and genus specific PCR, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE),
and phylogenetic analysis of clone sequences, based on either the 16S rRNA or the dsr (dissimilatory sulfite reductase) gene.
Results and Discussion The efficiency of different carbon-sources to stimulate the ISMP process followed the order HRC 〉 molasses 〉 methanol
〉 lactate 〉 ethanol 〉 acetate. Within 10 weeks, the highest sulfate and metal removal efficiencies ranged from 85% to 99%.
Addition of yeast extract boosted the ISMP process, whereas vitamin B12 negligibly affected SRB activity. Analysis of the
sulfate reducing population by SRB subgroup and genus specific PCR demonstrated that members of the genus Desulfosporosinus
dominated in all batch tests, while 16S rDNA DGGE profiles additionally revealed the presence in the microbial communities
of non-sulfate reducing bacteria within the family Clostridium and the -proteobacteria. The dsrB-based DGGE profiles
allowed us to assess the diversity and dynamics of the sulfate reducing community and added to a better understanding of the
effects of different batch conditions on the ISMP process. Remarkably, all dsrB sequences affiliated with the dsrB gene sequence
cluster found in Desulfotomaculum, which received their xenologous dsrB gene from the -proteobacteria.
Conclusions The batch experiments, which aimed at stimulating the activities of the indigenous SRB communities, demonstrated that these
communities were present and that their activities could be used to obtain efficient in situ precipitation of the contaminating
heavy metals. This opens the possibility to test this concept in the future as an on site demonstration as part of the groundwater
strategy for the heavy metal contaminated site. Although batch setups are suitable for preliminary feasibility studies for
ISMP, they do not reflect the in situ situation where sulfate and heavy metal and metalloid polluted groundwater are supplied
continuously. A sulfate reducing strain JG32A was isolated from whose 16S rRNA gene affiliated with the genus Desulfosporosinus,
while its dsrB gene sequence clustered with Desulfotomaculum dsrB gene sequences, which received their xenologous dsr genes
from -proteobacteria. Therefore we hypothesize that the batch experiments enrich members of the Desulfosporosinus
genus that possess a non-orthologous dsrB gene.
Recommendation and Perspective The next step towards an on site pilot test for ISMP will be the setup of a series of column experiments, with process conditions
that are selected based on the above mentioned results. This will allow to define optimal ISMP process conditions and to test
its long-term efficacy and sustainability before going into an on site bioremediation application. By applying the described
molecular tools together with physical-chemical analyzes, it can be investigated whether the same SRB community is enriched
and which type of C-source is most effective in promoting and sustaining its growth and sulfate-reduction activity. 相似文献
120.
In a prior study on the haplomes of wheat using the 5S rRNA gene we assigned the long A1 and short A1 unit classes to the A haplome in the diploid T. monococcum. The short A1 unit class is absent in the tetraploids T. turgidum and T. timopheevii and in the hexaploid T. aestivum, although present in the hexaploid T. zhukovskyi. Both T. turgidum and T. aestivum contained a different 5S DNA unit class labeled the short A2.The purpose of this paper was to study the short A2 units in the two diploid species to shed light on the theory that the A haplome donor of T. turgidum and T. aestivum was T. urartu. Fifty eight clones were obtained from 12 accessions, sequenced and analyzed. As expected T. baeoticum, which is often classified as a subspecies of T. monococcum, contained the long A1 and the short A1 5S DNA units. Unexpectedly, T. urartu had the long A1 and the short G1 unit classes instead and other units not found so far in Triticum. These findings support the hypothesis that the donor of the A genome in T. zhukovskyi was T. monococcum, as identified by the short A1 units. However, the short A1 units are absent in T. timopheevii, also a carrier of the A genome. The short G1 units found in T. urartu also identify it as a possible donor of the G genome to T. timopheevii. The short G1 units were also found in T. aestivum in our prior study. The long G1 unit class was not found in T. urartu but reported from T. timopheevii and T. zhukovskyi. The implications of these and related findings on the evolution of wheats are discussed. 相似文献