净化菲律宾蛤仔低温保活及其主要营养成分变化

净化后的菲律宾蛤仔分别在不同条件下进行保活,测其存活率与主要化学成分的变化,结果表明,3℃下,多层湿布保活效果最好,11天后的存活率为98%,在保活过程中糖原、粗脂肪含量均呈下降趋势,分别下降了16.39和0.56%,乳酸呈上升趋势,上升了4.12mmol/L.     

菲律宾蛤仔受精及早期胚胎发育过程的细胞学观察

利用HOECHST 33258荧光染料对已固定的菲律宾蛤仔受精卵及早期胚胎样品进行染色的方法,连续观察记录了菲律宾蛤仔受精及早期胚胎发育的细胞生物学过程。结果表明,菲律宾蛤仔的成熟未受精卵子处于第一次成熟分裂中期;精卵混合后精子迅速结合于卵子周围并开始进行顶体反应;精子人卵后去致密并且激发卵子恢复两次成熟分裂,排放出第一及第二极体,完成成熟分裂;受精卵完全排放出第二极体的同时早期的精卵原核形成,随后二者相互靠拢,体积扩散膨大,在细胞中央位置形成各自的染色体组后完成联合;菲律宾蛤仔早期胚胎发育速度进程较快;在受精过程中存在极少数的多精受精现象。     

Nitrogen and phosphorous budgets during a farming cycle of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum: An in situ experiment

In the Sacca di Goro lagoon a farming cycle of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) was simulated seeding young molluscs in an unexploited sandy spot. The experimental area (2100 m²) consisted of three sectors: a control (C), almost devoid of clams (∼ 1600 m^− 2, ∼ 30 ind m^− 2), a low (L) density area (400 m², ∼ 300 ind m^− 2) and a high (H) density zone (∼ 110 m^− 2, ∼ 800 ind m^− 2). Water chemistry, external freshwater nutrient loads, molluscs filtration rates, biomass, elemental composition and nutrient recycling were analysed.Clam filtration rates and light and dark fluxes of nutrients were measured with intact core incubations. Three replicate cores (i.d. 20 cm) were collected from C, L and H in April, one month after the seeding, June, August and October 2003. External loads were calculated multiplying dissolved and particulate nutrients concentration by freshwater flow from the main lagoon tributaries. Direct excretion, filtration activity of clams and particulate matter deposition resulted in significantly higher ammonium (NH₄⁺) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) effluxes to the water column at L and H. For the entire farming cycle, particulate nitrogen (PN) uptake by clams from the water column was 1.7 (C), 9.1 (L) and 16.3 (H) mol m^− 2, whilst total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) fluxes were − 0.3 (C), 1.6 (L) and 6.9 (H) mol m^− 2. Particulate phosphorus (PP) uptake from the water column was 0.1 (C), 0.6 (L) and 1.0 (H) mol m^− 2, whilst total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) efflux was 0.2 (C), 0.5 (L) and 0.8 (H) mol m^− 2. At the end of the farming cycle, harvested N as mollusc flesh was negligible for C, 0.4 mol m^− 2 for L and 1.8 mol m^− 2 for H. Harvested P as mollusc flesh was negligible for C, 0.02 mol m^− 2 for L and 0.04 mol m^− 2 for H. Farmed areas seem to have a great potential for fast coupling between sedimentation (filter feeder mediated biodeposition) and benthic recycling. At the lagoon level, mollusc farming probably attenuates the export of particulate matter to the open sea. Our results show that a minor fraction of biodeposited N (∼ 6%) and P (∼ 3%) was exported as a commercial product at the end of the farming cycle, whilst a larger fraction was incorporated in the sediments or recycled as dissolved inorganic or organic forms.     

菲律宾蛤仔摄食率与温度、壳长和饵料浓度的关系

以等边金藻3011为饵料,采用室内流水法,在12、20和24℃3个温度和不同的壳长、饵料浓度下,测定并计算了温度、壳长和饵料浓度与菲律宾蛤仔摄食率的关系,并建立了相关数学模型。结果显示,在实验条件范围内,摄食率随着饵料浓度的增大而增大,且符合幂函数方程。摄食率可以用温度、壳长和饵料浓度的自然对数方程表示,其模型为：IR=21．2LnT＋20．06LnL＋7．10LnC-97．95,经协方差分析结果表明,其相关系数呈非常显著水平。     

菲律宾蛤仔对0~#柴油和南海流花原油的生物富集动力学特征

以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为实验对象,基于双箱动力学模型,研究了菲律宾蛤仔肌肉和内脏组织对0~#柴油和南海流花原油的生物富集特征。采用OgirinPro 8.5软件对富集结果进行非线性拟合,获得了2种油品的吸收速率常数(k_1)、释放速率常数(k_2)、生物富集系数(BCF)、理论平衡时石油烃质量分数(CAmax)和生物学半衰期(B1/2)等动力学参数。结果表明,菲律宾蛤仔对0~#柴油和南海流花原油的k_1分别为0.921~9.74和3.43~64.2,k_2分别为0.092 8~0.134和0.100~0.189,BCF分别为6.87~94.56和34.30~379.88,CAmax分别为17.18~67.62 mg·kg~(-1)和30.38~595.24 mg·kg~(-1),B_(1/2)分别为5.17~7.47 d和3.67~6.93 d。菲律宾蛤仔对0~#柴油和南海流花原油的k_1和BCF均随着水体中石油烃浓度的增大而减小,k_2和B1/2与水体中石油烃浓度无明显相关性,CAmax随着水体中石油烃浓度的增加而增大。通过比较菲律宾蛤仔2种组织对2种油品的生物富集过程,发现菲律宾蛤仔对南海流花原油的生物富集能力强于对0~#柴油的富集能力,而内脏对石油烃的生物富集能力高于肌肉。     

重金属在小球藻-菲律宾蛤仔食物链上的传递与累积

在受控实验条件下,模拟了重金属铜、铅、镉在海水-小球藻-菲律宾蛤仔食物链中的累积和传递,测定了小球藻、菲律宾蛤仔对铜、铅、镉的富集系数以及铜、铅、镉在小球藻-菲律宾蛤仔食物链上的传递系数。结果显示,随着海水中重金属浓度的增加,小球藻、菲律宾蛤仔体内的重金属含量逐渐增大,小球藻对铜、铅、镉离子的富集系数变化范围分别为1626～3161、3295～7799、5438～9313;蛤仔对Cu、Pb、Cd的富集系数变化范围分别为364～821、1089～1936、245～736;生物传递因子变化范围分别为0.22～0.26、0.25～0.46、0.03～0.14。在本实验条件下,小球藻对Cu、Pb、Cd的富集系数远大于菲律宾蛤仔,Cu、Pb、Cd在小球藻-菲律宾蛤仔食物链上没有明显的生物放大效应。     

滩涂与土池进行菲律宾蛤仔稚贝中间育成的效果比较

2001年、2002年8～11月分别比较滩涂与土池暂养的菲律宾蛤仔稚贝密度、总平均日生长速度、损耗率。两年的试验结果分别为:24万枚/m2、0.042 mm/d、95.8％;26万枚/m2、0.093mm/d、20.2％。综合分析结果表明:稚贝土池中间育成比滩涂育成效果更好。     

菲律宾蛤仔奶牛蛤品系两个世代的杂交与近交效应

为改良菲律宾蛤仔奶牛蛤品系的表型性状,于2010年7月以奶牛品系的全同胞子一代和子二代上选10%的个体作为亲本,采用双列杂交法,建立近交组合(F₂₂、F₃₃)、杂交组合(F₂₃、F₃₂)并设置对照组(C₂₂、C₃₃),研究了两个近交世代的杂交效应及近交效应。结果表明,杂交使得幼虫的生长性状和存活性状得到了部分改良,但稚贝的生长性状尚未得到提高。幼虫表现出微弱的生长优势,中亲生长优势为(0.95±1.23);F₂₃杂种优势为(0.36±0.59),F₃₂杂种优势为(1.56±1.96)。稚贝表现为杂种劣势,中亲生长劣势为(-2.90±3.20);F₂₃稚贝杂种劣势为(-4.60±3.21),F₃₂稚贝杂种劣势为(-0.75±10.13)。幼虫和稚贝均表现为存活优势,中亲存活优势分别为(9.43±4.41)、(8.66±12.25);F₂₃存活优势分别为(0.77±3.60)、(6.70±8.81);F₃₂存活优势分别为(20.93±7.92)、(10.94±16.28)。杂交效应主要受到交配方式的影响,母本效应主要作用于幼虫期。近交使得世代F₂₂、F₃₃的生长性状得到了改良,但两个世代的存活性状均出现了不同程度的近交衰退。世代 F₂₂、F₃₃幼虫期生长性状表现为近交衰退,衰退率分别为(5.17±4.38)、(4.99±2.72);稚贝期生长性状未表现出近交衰退现象,其衰退率分别为(-0.79±13.66)、(-0.93±12.85)。对于存活性状而言,两个世代均出现近交衰退现象,世代F₂₂及F33幼虫和稚贝的近交衰退率分别为(0.16±5.82)、(9.98±10.04),(19.33±11.28)、(13.08±16.17)。表型性状的近交效应主要受到世代效应的影响。通过上选、杂交与近交的有机结合,有效地改良了奶牛蛤品系的表型性状。     

不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔表型性状的相关性与通径分析

随机选取繁殖时期的南方群体北方养殖菲律宾蛤仔(SN)、北方土著品种(NN)和南方群体南方养殖蛤仔(SS),测量其壳长(SL)、壳高(SH)、壳宽(SW)、活体质量(mL)、软体质量(mM)和烘干后软体部干质量(mF),采用相关与通径分析方法分析不同地理群体的菲律宾蛤仔表型性状对软体质量的作用效果,为菲律宾蛤仔的选择育种提供理论依据和测度指标。试验结果表明,不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔的形态学指标无显著差异(P>0.05);不同地理群体各数量性状之间的相关关系均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);决定系数分析表明,不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔影响软体质量的主要表型性状并不相同,南方群体北方养殖蛤仔群体的壳宽直接作用最大,壳宽通过壳高的间接作用是次要因素;北方土著品种群体壳长是主要因素,壳长通过壳高的间接作用是次要因素;南方群体南方养殖蛤仔群体壳高的直接作用是主要因素,壳长通过壳高的间接作用是次要因素。对通径系数检验不显著的自变量进行删除,利用逐步回归的方法,建立不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔软体质量的最优回归方程:SN群体,mM1=-4.276+0.211SH+0.116SW;NN群体,mM2=-2.806+0.088SL+0.087SH;SS群体,mM3=-3.101+0.290SH。回归方程分析表明回归关系均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。     

Effects of temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in different colour strains of the Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum

The metabolic responses of different colour strains of Ruditapes philippinarum in terms of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion to changes in temperature (15–35°C) and salinity (20–40) were investigated. In our range of temperatures (15–35°C), oxygen consumption rate (OCR) increases in cultivated strains (White and Zebra) in opposition to the effect in the wild strain which reach a maximum at 25°C. The highest Q₁₀ coefficients were 2.741 for zebra strain, 4.326 for white strain, and 1.944 for wild at temperatures of 25–30, 30–35 and 20–25°C respectively. In our range of salinity (20–40°C), OCRs of white strain and zebra strain firstly decreased to lowest level at 25 and 30, and then increased to highest level at 35 and 40 respectively. When the salinity is beyond 35, the OCR decreased and the turning point was found in the white strain and wild, but the zebra strain OCR still increased to a highest level (1.906 mg g^?1 h^?1) at 40 (P < 0.05). These results show that the cultivated colour strains of R. philippinarum were different from wild in terms of metabolic responses, and information on its response to different temperature and salinity have implications in the aquaculture industry.