水稻辐射白色转绿突变系转绿过程中光合特性研究

 对水稻转绿型白化突变系W25和亲本2177S进行了研究。白化期叶绿素和蛋白质含量很低,随叶片转绿,叶绿素含量增加,转绿第30天达到亲本的水平。在转绿过程中,蛋白质含量和Rubisco含量也显著提高。突变系W25叶片内的Rubisco含量和活性在转绿30 d后超过亲本,光合速率在转绿18 d后接近亲本。     

水稻剑叶衰老期Rubisco活化酶对Rubisco活力和光合速率的调节

为明确Rubisco活化酶在叶片衰老期间是否对Rubisco羧化活性和光合速率起调节作用,本文研究了水稻剑叶衰老过程中叶片光合速率、可溶性蛋白含量、Rubisco初始羧化活力及含量,Rubisco活化酶活力及含量。结果表明:净光合速率与Rubisco初始羧化活力和Rubisco活化酶的活力间分别为r2=0.966 3和r2=0.702,Rubisco初始羧化活力与Rubisco活化酶的活力和含量间分别为r2=0.810 3和r2=0.814 3, Rubisco活化酶含量与Rubisco和可溶性蛋白间分别为r2=0.925 7和0.867 5, Rubisco活化酶的活力与含量间r2=0.758 7。Rubisco活化酶的含量占Rubisco含量的0.5%～1.0%,占叶片可溶性总蛋白质的0.5%～0.6%,随着剑叶衰老Rubisco活化酶所占的比值加速下降。这表明水稻剑叶衰老期间,Rubisco活化酶对维持Rubisco初始羧化活力和净光合速率有重要调节作用。     

小麦叶片内1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶大亚基由53 000到50 000裂解反应的定位研究

研究了小麦叶片内1，5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶／加氧酶（Rubisco，EC 4．1．1．39）大亚基（LSU）由53000裂解为50000的反应。结果显示，成熟叶片的粗提液在pH5．5的条件下反应后能检测到50000的裂解产物，而暗诱导衰老叶片的粗提液在pH7．5的条件下也能发现LSU的这一降解。分别从成熟叶片和衰老叶片中提取叶绿体，以其裂解液为反应体系研究LSU由53000裂解为50000这步反应的细胞器定位。结果显示，衰老叶片中的叶绿体裂解液在pH7．5时反应1h后能检测到50000降解产物，而成熟叶片叶绿体裂解液在pH5．5和pH7．5的条件下反应后均未检测到LSU的50000裂解产物。上述结果表明：衰老叶片中ISU由53000部分裂解为50000的反应定位于叶绿体内，而成熟叶片中LSU由53000裂解为50000的反应可能定位于叶绿体外。     

雷竹光合特性的研究

对雷竹叶片光合速率及其主要影响因子的周年变化进行了研究 ,结果表明 :在晴到少云的天气条件下 ,雷竹光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线 .光强、温度、水分等外界环境因子对雷竹光合作用有显著影响 .强光、高温、低湿引起雷竹叶片光合“午睡” .雷竹光合速率年变化也呈双峰曲线型 .环境因子及 Rubisco,Rubisco活化酶 ,蛋白质 ,叶绿素等对光合速率都有显著影响 .雷竹幼叶的光合速率 ,光饱和点及相关影响因子较二龄叶高 ,具有较高的光合生理特性 .雷竹叶片的光饱和点约为 1 688～ 1 834μmol CO2 · m-2 · s-1;光补偿点约为 1 60～ 2 2 2μmol CO2 · m-2 · s-1.     

光暗处理对水稻叶片光合关键酶的效应

稻苗置暗中24h后,Rubisco含量及Rubisco与可溶性蛋白的比值随光强的增加而提高;经2h光照后再置黑暗中,Rubisco含量在最初20min下降迅速,说明苗期Rubisco蛋白在光暗交替下周转较快.Rubisco的初始活力在光照下迅速增加,其上升倍数大大高于量的增加,光强越大达到最大活力所需的时间越短.照光后把稻苗置暗中,Rubisco初始羧化活力很快下降,说明Rubisco的光下活化及暗中失活迅速.Rubisco活化酶的含量随光照增加而逐渐上升,光照处理后再置暗中Rubisco活化酶含量不断下降,但速率不如Rubisco.Rubisco活化酶的活化只依赖低光强,光照处理后再置黑暗中,Rubisco活化酶活力迅速下降.     

Photosynthetic and stomatal responses of potatoes grown under elevated CO2 and/or O3—results from the European CHIP-programme

The physiological effects of elevated CO₂ and/or O₃ on Solanum tuberosum cv. Bintje were examined in Open-Top Chambers during 1998 and 1999 at experimental sites across Europe as part of the EU ‘Changing Climate and Potential Impacts on Potato Yield and Quality’ programme (CHIP). At tuber initiation (≈20 days after emergence, DAE) elevated CO₂ (680 μl l⁻¹) induced a 40% increase in the light saturated photosynthetic rate (A_sat) of fully expanded leaves in the upper canopy. This was 16% less than expected from short-term exposures of plants grown under ambient CO₂ (360 μl l⁻¹) to elevated CO₂, indicating that photosynthetic acclimation began at an early stage of crop growth. This effect resulted from a combination of a 12% reduction in stomatal conductance (g_s) and a decline in photosynthetic capacity, as indicated by the significant reductions in the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (Vc_max) and light-saturated rate of electron transport (J_max) under elevated CO₂. The seasonal decline in the promotion of photosynthesis by elevated CO₂ reflected the concurrent decrease in g_s. Vc_max and J_max were both reduced in plants grown under elevated CO₂ until shortly after maximum leaf area (MLA) was attained. Although non-photorespiratory mitochondrial respiration in the light (R_d) increased during the later stages of the season, net photosynthesis was consistently increased by elevated CO₂ during the main part of the season. Photosynthetic rate declined more rapidly in response to elevated O₃ under ambient CO₂, and the detrimental impact of O₃ was most obvious after MLA was attained (DAE 40–50). Several exposure indices were compared, with the objective of determining the critical ozone level required to induce physiological effects. The critical O₃ exposure above which a 5% reduction in light saturated photosynthetic rate may be expected (expressed in terms of cumulative exposure above 0 nl l⁻¹ O₃ between emergence and specific dates during the season (AOT0-cum)) was 11 μl l⁻¹ h; however this value should only be extrapolated beyond the CHIP dataset with caution. The interaction between O₃ and stomatal behaviour was more complex, as it was influenced by both long-term and daily exposure levels. Elevated CO₂ counteracted the adverse effect of O₃ on photosynthesis, perhaps because the observed reduction in stomatal conductance decreased O₃ fluxes into the leaves. The results are discussed in the context of nitrogen deficiency, carbohydrate accumulation and yield.     

Correlation of Leaf Nitrogen,Chlorophyll and Rubisco Contents with Photosynthesis in a Supernodulating Soybean Genotype Sakukei 4

Abstract

Soybean requires more nitrogen (N) than gramineous crops because it accumulates a large amount of N in seeds, and its photosynthetic rate per leaf N is low. The supernodulating genotype Sakukei 4 has a superior symbiotic N₂ fixation capability, and thereby is potentially high-yielding. In our previous study, Sakukei 4 was characterized by having a superior ability to maintain high leaf N content and high photosynthetic rate. The objectives of this study were to know photosynthetic characteristics of Sakukei 4 in detail, especially, the responses to CO₂ concentration and light intensity, and to elucidate how the photosynthetic characteristics of Sakukei 4 are associated with the amounts of photosynthesis-related N compounds (chlorophyll and Rubisco). The three genotypes (Sakukei 4 - supernodulating cultivar derived from Enrei, Enrei - normally nodulating cultivar, En1282-non-nodulating line derived from Enrei) were grown at various N levels in this study. The CO₂ exchange rate (CER) in Sakukei 4 was higher than, or equal to that in Enrei at wide ranges of CO₂ concentrations (150-700 μmol mol-¹) and light intensities (200-1,500 μmol m-² s-¹ PPFD). Sakukei 4 had higher leaf N (N_l), chlorophyll (Chl_L) and Rubisco (Rub_L) contents per leaf area, but lower chlorophyll and Rubisco contents per leaf N content (Chl_L/N_l, Rub_L/N_l) than Enrei. The specific leaf weight (SLW) and leaf area trended to be lower in Sakukei 4 than in Enrei. These results indicate that the superior photosynthetic rate in Sakukei 4 is attributed to higher total N, chlorophyll and Rubisco contents per leaf area, but not to high rate of allocation of total N to these N compounds.     

棉花光合基因GhRCAα启动子的克隆及活性分析

为了克隆棉花Rubisco活化酶基因(RCA)启动子,研究其表达调控的分子机制,以百棉1号为材料,对GhRCAα启动子区2 000 bp的片段进行克隆、顺式作用元件分析以及活性分析,结果表明,许多重要的顺式作用元件包括响应于光、生物钟、逆境胁迫、植物激素以及其他的基本顺式作用元件特异地存在于GhRCAα启动子区;进一步对GhRCAα进行表达特性分析发现,该基因在光合作用进行的主要位置叶片中表达量最高,在其他组织表达量很低,其表达具有组织特异性,这与该启动子区存在许多光响应及组织特异性表达相关元件的结果相一致;将克隆的GhRCAα启动子片段以烟草叶片为受体材料进行瞬时表达分析表明,GhRCAα启动子可以驱动GUS基因的表达,表明克隆的启动子片段具有驱动目标基因表达的活性。克隆的GhRCAα启动子可能是一种组织特异型启动子,有望用于植物的遗传转化,进而更好地调控重要基因的特异性表达。     

低叶绿素b水稻叶片自然衰老过程中光合作用与叶绿素荧光参数的变化

以水稻低叶绿素b突变体及其野生型(镇恢249)第5叶为材料,研究了水稻叶片自然衰老过程中净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素荧光参数、Rubisco相对含量的变化.结果表明,叶片全展后随着衰老进程,突变体与野生型的Pn、叶绿素荧光参数以及Rubisco大小亚基相对含量都呈下降趋势.低叶绿素b突变体的净光合速率高于野生型且下降慢于野生型,但是二者叶绿素荧光参数之间差异不显著,而野生型Rubisco相对含量下降较突变体快,因此低叶绿素b对水稻第5叶衰老和Pn的影响主要表现在碳同化阶段.     

水稻生理生化特性对氮肥的反应及与氮利用效率的关系

选用水稻氮高效基因型IR72和9311及氮低效基因型Lemont和PECOS,采用土培方法,在5个施氮量（0、0.51、1.02、1.53、2.04 g N 钵^-1,分别相当于0、75、150、225、300 kg N hm^-2）处理下,研究了生理生化特性对氮肥的反应及与氮效率的关系。结果表明,在幼穗分化期,氮高效基因型水稻的可溶性蛋白含量相对低,而谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性高;不同氮效率基因型间1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)含量的差异不大;两种氮效率基因型间的净光合速率（P_n）在幼穗分化期差异不明显。而在齐穗期,氮低效基因型的P_n比高效基因型的低28.66%左右;氮低效基因型在两个时期的单位叶绿素光合速率（P_n/Chl）比氮高效基因型分别低18.51%和29.67%左右。在成熟期,氮高效基因型干物质积累能力强,籽粒产量高。这些结果说明氮效率不同的基因型对氮肥的生理反应差异大。相关性分析表明,低氮水平时(0~1.53 g N 钵^-1), GS酶活性与收获时生物量呈显著或极显著正相关;氮肥偏生产力（PFP）、氮肥农学利用率（AE）及氮素生理利用率（NUEb）分别与GS活性、P_n/Chl和齐穗期的Pn呈显著正相关,而与可溶性蛋白含量、Rubisco含量显著负相关;氮肥吸收效率（RE）与这些生理指标没有显著相关。结果表明水稻光合特征及氮代谢与水稻氮效率间存在紧密的关系,GS活性和可溶性蛋白含量对评价水稻氮肥利用率具有重要的参考价值。