Culturing freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera: a breakthrough in the conservation of an endangered species

• 1. The freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera L. is globally endangered and is threatened by commercial exploitation, pollution and habitat loss throughout its range. Captive breeding would be a valuable tool in enhancing the status of M. margaritifera in the UK.
• 2. We have developed a semi‐natural system for successfully infecting juvenile brown trout with glochidial M. margaritifera, and culturing juvenile mussels in experimental tanks where glochidial M. margaritifera can excyst from fish gills and settle into sediment.
• 3. Infected fish had less than 1% mortality. Levels of infection varied among fish. Two yearly cohorts of juvenile M. margaritifera were identified from samples of sediment taken from each experimental tank. Individuals range in size from 1.4 mm (2000 cohort) to >3 mm in length (1999 cohort).
• 4. The number of juvenile M. margaritifera present in the two experimental tanks are estimated to be between 3600 (tank A) and 0 (tank B) for the putative 1999 cohort and between 6000 (tank A) and 13 000 (tank B) for the putative 2000 cohort.
• 5. This pioneering method for large‐scale cultivation of juvenile M. margaritifera is intermediate between the release of infected fish into rivers and the intensive cultivation systems developed in continental Europe and the USA for other species of unionid. This is the first time that large numbers of M. margaritifera have been cultured and represents a significant breakthrough in the conservation of this globally endangered Red Data List species. The method is straightforward and is most cost‐effective when undertaken alongside established hatchery processes.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The pathogenic helminth parasites of eels

Although 63 and 55 species of helminths have been reported from each species of Atlantic eel and from 29 to 19 for each species of Pacific eel only the monogeneans Pseudodactylogyrus bini and P. anguillae and the nematode Anguillicola crassus, originally specific to species of Pacific eels, can be considered serious pathogens. None of the three are normally pathogenic to their preferred natural eel host species in the wild. Pseudodactylogyrus spp. only cause serious local gill damage when present on a host in large numbers under optimal conditions that facilitate transmission. This is the case in eel aquaculture, where infections can be controlled by drugs. Anguillicola crassus is only pathogenic to Anguilla anguilla and A. rostrata when Atlantic eels are introduced to the far east or when the parasites have been introduced to Europe. Here the parasite life cycle differs in that A. crassus can infect a wide range of intermediate hosts, employ paratenic hosts and survive as larvae for months in the swimbladder wall. This makes it an excellent colonizer. Its major pathogenic effects on eels result from haemorrhaging in, and thickening of, the swimbladder wall. It reduces the oxygen concentration in the swimbladder, reducing its ability to function as a hydrostatic organ, and increases the stress response of eels. In shallow lakes at warm temperatures this can result in mass mortalities. It is also feared that the parasite affects the ability of eels to migrate to the Sargasso Sea and so contributes to the decline in eel populations. Control by drug treatment is possible in culture, but not in the wild.     

间歇式双循环工厂化养殖系统构建及其养殖效果

为改善工厂化循环水养殖系统水质净化效果,提高养殖密度和成活率,构建了间歇式双循环工厂化养殖系统。通过间歇运行生物膜反应器增加水力停留时间,充分降解含氮污染物;连续运行弧形筛及时去除固体颗粒物。考察了该系统的启动过程及石斑鱼高密度养殖效果。启动初期,将硝化型生物絮团与海绵填料混合培养,生物膜22 d即可挂膜成功。以30.03 kg/m~3为初始养殖密度开展石斑鱼养殖试验,经66 d养殖,石斑鱼平均质量从(273.00±12.22)增至(552.52±107.04) g,最终养殖密度达到60.78 kg/m~3,成活率为100%。养殖过程中,生物膜逐渐适应养殖环境,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮去除率从13.33%、14.84%增至93.73%、93.50%。此外,在弧形筛进水槽增加曝气形成曝气式弧形筛,可进一步除去细小颗粒物,有效控制养殖水体浊度。     

基于改进极限学习机的水体溶解氧预测方法

为了有效地指导水产养殖生产,提高溶解氧浓度预测的精度,提出了基于因子筛选和改进极限学习机（Extreme Learning Machine,ELM）的水产养殖溶解氧预测模型。首先,利用皮尔森相关系数法计算各影响因子与溶解氧浓度间的相关系数,提取强关联因子,降低预测模型的输入量维度;采用偏最小二乘算法（Partial Least Square, PLS）优化传统ELM神经网络,避免网络中隐含层共线性问题,保障输出权值的稳定性;然后,结合新型激活函数,构建水体溶解氧浓度预测模型。最后,将SPLS-ELM（Selection Based Partial Least Square Optimized Extreme Learning Machine）预测模型应用到江苏省无锡市南泉基地某试验池塘的水体溶解氧预测中。试验结果表明：该模型的预测均方根误差为0.3232,与最小二乘支持向量机（Least Square Support Vector Machine,LSSVM）、BP神经网络、粒子群（Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO）优化LSSVM和遗传算法（Genetic Algorithm, GA）优化BP神经网络相比分别降低40.98%、44.48%、34.73%和44.18%。且该模型的运行时间仅0.6231s,预测精度和运行效率明显优于其他模型。该模型的溶解氧预测曲线接近真实溶解氧变化曲线,能够满足水产养殖实际生产对水体溶解氧预测的要求。     

工厂化水产养殖溶解氧自动监控系统的研究

为以曝气增氧方式的养殖系统(养殖平均体重为450 g的虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss,养殖密度为27kg/m3)设计了在线自动监控系统,即对水体溶解氧进行在线监测,对增氧设备进行自动控制。该监控系统是以覆膜溶解氧电极作为检测元件,用组态王软件设计在上位机中运行的监控系统完成在线检测,以PLC为下位机直接控制增氧气泵实现溶解氧控制功能。结果表明:该溶解氧在线自动监控系统能直观地在计算机屏幕上显示养殖现场溶解氧的变化情况,并可以储存、打印、记录溶解氧的变化数值,为掌握溶解氧的变化规律,分析溶解氧产生变化的原因提供基础数据。对增氧设备进行控制,可确保水体中的溶解氧维持在适合鱼类生长的最佳范围内,减少了设备的运行时间,降低了生产过程的能源消耗,取得了较好的效果。     

木质养殖船的稳性衡准

针对木质养殖船无建造规范可进行稳性衡准,对大连市庄河、长海县、普兰店、开发区部分养殖船进行实船测绘,并对163艘养殖船资料进行了统计与分析,从中总结出适合大连地区木质养殖船的稳性衡准计算方法.     

安徽省水产养殖尾水治理典型模式分析与发展建议

由于水产养殖业的快速发展及养殖产量大幅提升,不可避免地带来养殖水环境污染等难题。水产养殖尾水治理是“绿水青山就是金山银山”发展理念的重要实践,也是推进水产养殖业绿色高质量发展的必然要求。本研究以安徽省为例,分别从水产养殖及尾水治理现状、尾水治理典型模式、存在的问题和对策、发展建议等方面,对当前环保高压态势下水产养殖尾水治理模式进行总结分析,旨在为安徽省水产养殖业转型升级、绿色高质量发展提供借鉴和参考。     

池塘养殖的中华绒螯蟹与长江野生中华绒螯蟹生物学特性比较

通过分析池塘养殖与长江野生中华绒螯蟹的生物学指数、可食部分比例、营养成分组成,以比较两者的品质.结果表明:与长江野生中华绒螯蟹相比,池塘养殖的中华绒螯蟹的肌肉指数、肝脏指数、可食部分总和无显著变化(P＞0.05);雌性的性腺指数、性肝指数高于野生中华绒螯蟹,差异显著(P＜0.05),但雄性群体差异不显著(P＞0.05);雄性的粗蛋白质含量显著高于野生的雄性中华绒螯蟹(P＜0.05),但雌性群体差异不显著(P＞0.05);粗脂肪含量、无氮浸出物高于野生中华绒螯蟹,但雌雄群体之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);氨基酸总量高于野生中华绒螯蟹,差异达显著水平(P＜0.05);鲜味氨基酸总含量显著大于野生中华绒螯蟹(P＜0.05);饱和脂肪酸含量、单烯酸含量与野生中华绒螯蟹差异不显著(P＞0.05);多不饱和脂肪酸含量低于野生中华绒螯蟹,其中雌性群体之间差异显著(P＜0.05),雄性群体之间差异不显著(P0.05).     

池塘养殖尾水经稻田生态工程净化后的浮游细菌群落特征

为利用稻田生态工程对精养池塘尾水进行循环利用,采用Illumina Mi Seq第二代测序技术比较分析了稻田生态工程进出水中浮游细菌群落结构和多样性差异,以探讨稻田生态工程净化回用水中浮游细菌群落变化对池塘养殖的影响。结果显示,稻田生态工程进出水中优势浮游细菌在门水平上的组成相同,均为蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)。但优势门类的相对丰度发生变化,蓝细菌门的相对丰度由进水中的46.72%显著降低至表面流出水中的41.82%和渗流出水中的34.77%;而放线菌门的相对丰度由3.90%增加至表面流出水中的5.65%和渗流出水中的6.45%。属水平上优势浮游细菌组成也相同,但微囊藻属(Microcystis)的相对丰度由0.83%显著降低至渗流出水中的0.46%(P0.05)。另外,稻田生态工程表面流出水中浮游细菌物种丰富度指数(Chao 1)显著提高,渗流出水中Shannon多样性指数显著提高,且Simpson指数显著降低(P0.05)。