平原丘陵地区水土资源联合优化配置

通过对区域水资源和土地资源概况进行研究,利用大系统递阶优化思想,以供水对象相对缺水率最小和农业经济效益最大为目标,建立了区域水土资源联合优化配置模型,并以句容市为例,对平原丘陵地区的水资源在时间和区域上进行了合理安排、设计、组合和布局,对农业种植结构进行了调整。研究结果表明:水资源是土地资源发挥最大优势的基本条件,水资源利用合理与否,直接影响到土地资源的生产效率;而土地资源的利用程度也影响着水资源的变化,土地资源利用效率高,则为水资源的合理开发利用创造条件。     

天然花色苷的资源收集及稳定性测定

通过天然花色苷材料野外采集，共得到50种植物的花色苷样品，采用pH 1.0/pH 4.5溶液吸光值（△OD）差值法，对这些花色苷提取液进行了1年的测定和筛选，筛选出了花色苷颜色稳定性较好的桔梗（Platycodon grandiflorua A.）、蜀葵（Althaea. Rosea L.）、翠雀（Delphinium grandiflorum L.）和日本红菊（Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat）等4种植物资源。对这4种花色苷进行酸碱性、光照、金属离子、热处理等条件下的稳定性测定，表明在pH4.0以下稳定，高于pH4.0稳定性则明显下降。日光、pH 1.0条件下上述4种花色苷溶液的半衰期分别为339d、255d、226d和234d。钙、镁离子对花色苷的稳定性无影响，铝、铜、锡和铁的存在降低花色苷的稳定性，其中铝影响较小，铜锡影响较大，铁影响最大。在100℃ 20min pH1.0热处理下色素损失率分别为2.7%、29.2%、20.0%和7.1%。桔梗花色苷稳定性明显优于其余3种花色苷。结果表明上述4种花色苷有希望开发成为食品色素添加剂。     

Some Ideas on Reconstruction of Villages inside the City

In this paper, the historical reasons of formation of the village inside the city are analyzed. It is indicated that such situation for the villages inside the city are the result of joint action of both the villagers and the government. The foundation of villages inside the city laid on the simple compensation for farmers in confiscating the rural land and lack of intelligence aids. In this paper, the ideas and measures for their reconstruction are put forward based on consideration of the reasons of their formation and difficulties in the reconstruction.     

A comparative description of two farmer-managed irrigation systems in Nepal

The organization of two farmer-managed irrigation systems in the western hills of Nepal is described by examining the ways in which the activities of water allocation, water distribution, maintenance, and resource mobilization are performed. Due to the topography and environment, these two organizations are structured primarily to mobilize the large amount of labor required for maintenance of the intake and canal. Both organizations precisely define each member's water allocation. In one system, water is allocated in proportion to the area of an individual's land holding, while in the other water allocation is by purchased shares. These two cases were used to analyze the importance of the principle of water allocation for expansion of area irrigated and equity of access to irrigation. Evidence from the two systems shows that in this hill environment water allocation by purchased shares provides the individual incentive and an organizational mechanism for efficient development of irrigation resources. Expansion of area irrigated and equity of access to irrigation were found to be greater in the system which allocates water by purchased shares than where water was allocated in proportion to area irrigated.     

万亩农田节水灌溉综合开发区的规划与效果

通过对开发区农田生态系统的综合论证,提出研究目标、技术决策和规划原则,采用水利、农业相结合的节水技术体系,运用汇水、输水、调水、配水相结合的方式,联合调用地表、地下水资源,提高水的利用率,为中低产贫水区大面积推广综合节水灌溉提供可行的技术模式。     

Resource allocation tradeoffs in Manila’s peri-urban vegetable production systems: An application of multiple objective programming

This paper designed and developed a multi-objective programming (MOP) model to illustrate the dynamic relationship among technologies, productive activities, constraints and farmers’ objectives in the peri-urban vegetable production system and use the model as an economic tool in analysing probable consequences of a given action or innovation on the farm. The best compromise solution was generated using four analytical steps, as follows: single-objective optimization (to determine the ideal and anti-ideal values of the objective functions); constrained optimization (to generate the set of Pareto non-dominated solutions); cluster analysis (to trim down efficient set into smaller homogeneous groups); and compromise programming (to determine where the best compromise solution lies).     

Modelling carbon dynamics in mixed grass–red clover swards

Growth and carbon dynamics in mixed grass–red clover leys were simulated using a growth model for pure stands based on radiation use, allocation within plant and loss of biomass. The model and its parameter values were taken from previous applications of the model to pure swards of grass and red clover grown in the same experiment at the same sites and years.     

An entropy approach to spatial disaggregation of agricultural production

While agricultural production statistics are reported on a geopolitical – often national – basis we often need to know the status of production or productivity within specific sub-regions, watersheds, or agroecological zones. Such re-aggregations are typically made using expert judgments or simple area-weighting rules. We describe a new, entropy-based approach to making spatially disaggregated assessments of the distribution of crop production. Using this approach, tabular crop production statistics are blended judiciously with an array of other secondary data to assess the production of specific crops within individual ‘pixels’ – typically 25–100 square kilometers in size. The information utilized includes crop production statistics, farming system characteristics, satellite-derived land cover data, biophysical crop suitability assessments, and population density. An application is presented in which Brazilian state level production statistics are used to generate pixel level crop production data for eight crops. To validate the spatial allocation we aggregated the pixel estimates to obtain synthetic estimates of municipality level production in Brazil, and compared those estimates with actual municipality statistics. The approach produced extremely promising results. We then examined the robustness of these results compared to short-cut approaches to allocating crop production statistics and showed that, while computationally intensive, the cross-entropy method does provide more reliable estimates of crop production patterns.     

陈垓引黄灌区渠系优化配水研究

该文以系统工程的原理方法,结合山东省陈垓引黄灌区北二干渠系统实际情况,分别以灌溉净效益最大和轮灌时间最短为目标,建立了作物最优种植面积和渠系优化配水模型,应用计算机求解,取得了满意的作物优化布局和优化配水成果。实践证明,本项成果在节水、灌溉增产、提高灌区科学管理水平等方面都有着十分重要的作用。     

内陆河水资源合理利用的优化分配方法

依据内陆河流域不同区域在水资源条件、气候条件、经济发展水平及水资源利用途径等方面的差异性，以及时序上水资源的利用规律，提出了旨在合理利用水资源，改善生态环境的水资源优化分配方法。通过在黑河流域的实例应用，论证了该方法的有效性。