赤霉素对苋菜产量和营养品质的影响及其残留研究

探索赤霉素对苋菜产量和品质的影响以及残留动态,为建立苋菜生产中赤霉素安全、有效使用技术规程提供科学依据。[方法]广州地区夏季苋菜生长到5-6片真叶时,叶面喷施高(90 g/hm2)、中(60g/ hm2)、低(30 g/hm2)三种浓度赤霉素,喷施后测定不同时期的苋菜株高、产量以及维生素C、蛋白质、还原糖、可溶性固形物、粗纤维含量,研究不同剂量赤霉素对株高、产量、营养品质的影响;测定苋菜不同生长期赤霉素残留,获得残留动态以及最终残留。 [结果]中剂量赤霉素处理对株高和产量促进作用显著,喷施后3-10 d样品的平均株高比对照增加11.50 %,平均产量增加27.56 %,达显著水平。其中3、5、7 d样品株高比对照增加达显著水平,分别为10.59%、13.33%、12.71%;5、7、10 d样品产量比对照增加达显著水平,分别为33.41%、44.35%、17.41%。低剂量和中剂量处理后10 d样品中维生素C含量分别比对照增加67.44 %、44.50 %,达显著水平;蛋白质含量分别比对照组增加12.17 %、11.11 %,达显著水平。三种剂量处理后10 d后样品还原糖、粗纤维及可溶性固形物含量与对照组均无显著差异。赤霉素降解动态曲线符合一级动力方程,半衰期为1.24 d;三种剂量处理后5、7、10 d苋菜赤霉素最终残留均值在0.0012-0.0074 mg/kg之间(定量限只到0.01;有效数字过多),远低于日本限量标准0.2 mg/kg。 [结论] 广州地区夏季苋菜生长到5-6片真叶时,叶面喷施60 g/hm2的赤霉素溶液,喷施后10 d采收,赤霉素残留均值为0.002mg/kg,产量比对照增加17.41%,维生素C含量增加44.50%,蛋白质含量增加11.11%,可溶性固形物、还原糖、粗纤维含量差异不显著。建议可用日本肯定列表中的残最大留限量作为广州地区中国苋菜上赤霉素的残留限量标准。     

Intercropping maize and wheat with conservation agriculture principles improves water harvesting and reduces carbon emissions in dry areas

In arid and populated areas or countries, water shortage and heavy carbon emissions are threatening agricultural sustainability with food security severely, and becoming a major issue. It is unclear whether improved farming systems can be developed to tackle those issues through a sustainable agriculture. Here three farming practices that have proven to be essential and successful, which were: (a) crop intensification through strip intercropping, (b) water harvesting through conservation tillage; and (c) carbon sequestration through improved crop residue management options, were integrated in one cropping system. We hypothesize that the integrated system allows the increase of crop yields with improved water use efficiency, while reducing carbon emissions from farming. The hypothesis was tested in field experiments at Hexi Corridor (37°96′N, 102°64′E) in northwest China. We found that the integrated system increased soil moisture (mm) by 7.4% before sowing, 10.3% during the wheat–maize co-growth period, 8.3% after wheat harvest, and 9.2% after maize harvest, compared to the conventional sole cropping systems. The wheat/maize intercrops increased net primary production by 68% and net ecosystem production by 72%; and when combined with straw mulching on the soil surface, it decreased carbon emissions by 16%, compared to the monoculture maize without mulch. The wheat/maize intercrops used more water but increased grain yields by 142% over the monoculture wheat and by 23% over the monoculture maize, thus, enhancing water use efficiency by an average of 26%. We conclude that integrating strip intercropping, conservation tillage as well as straw mulching in one cropping system can significantly boost crop yields, improve the use efficiency of the limited water resources in arid areas, while, lowering the carbon emissions from farming. The integrated system may be considered in the development of strategies for alleviating food security issues currently experienced in the environment-damaged and water-shortage areas.     

香蕉和土壤中吡唑醚菌酯的残留分析

建立吡唑醚菌酯在香蕉全蕉、蕉肉及土壤中的残留分析方法,测定吡唑醚菌酯在云南、海南两地香蕉及土壤中的残留动态及最终残留。结果表明：在0.01~0.1 mg/kg添加范围内,吡唑醚菌酯在香蕉果、肉、土中的平均回收率为82％~104％,变异系数为1.3％~3.6％;方法最小检出量为1×10-10 g,最低检出浓度为0.01 mg/kg。吡唑醚菌酯在云南和海南两地香蕉中的半衰期分别为17.2、16.7 d,在土壤中的半衰期分别为19.9、17.9 d。施药后35、42、49 d收获的香蕉中吡唑醚菌酯残留量均低于0.02 mg/kg。该方法准确度高,灵敏度高,线性良好。     

Tillage and cropping sequence impacts on nitrogen cycling in dryland farming in eastern Montana, USA

Information on N cycling in dryland crops and soils as influenced by long-term tillage and cropping sequence is needed to quantify soil N sequestration, mineralization, and N balance to reduce N fertilization rate and N losses through soil processes. The 21-yr effects of the combinations of tillage and cropping sequences was evaluated on dryland crop grain and biomass (stems + leaves) N, soil surface residue N, soil N fractions, and N balance at the 0–20 cm depth in Dooley sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid, Typic Argiboroll) in eastern Montana, USA. Treatments were no-tilled continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (NTCW), spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (STCW), fall- and spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (FSTCW), fall- and spring-tilled spring wheat–barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1984–1999) followed by spring wheat–pea (Pisum sativum L.) (2000–2004) (FSTW-B/P), and spring-tilled spring wheat–fallow (STW-F). Nitrogen fractions were soil total N (STN), particulate organic N (PON), microbial biomass N (MBN), potential N mineralization (PNM), NH₄-N, and NO₃-N. Annualized crop grain and biomass N varied with treatments and years and mean grain and biomass N from 1984 to 2004 were 14.3–21.2 kg N ha⁻¹ greater in NTCW, STCW, FSTCW, and FSTW-B/P than in STW-F. Soil surface residue N was 9.1–15.2 kg N ha⁻¹ greater in other treatments than in STW-F in 2004. The STN at 0–20 cm was 0.39–0.96 Mg N ha⁻¹, PON 0.10–0.30 Mg N ha⁻¹, and PNM 4.6–9.4 kg N ha⁻¹ greater in other treatments than in STW-F. At 0–5 cm, STN, PON, and MBN were greater in STCW than in FSTW-B/P and STW-F. At 5–20 cm, STN and PON were greater in NTCW and STCW than in STW-F, PNM and MBN were greater in STCW than in NTCW and STW-F, and NO₃-N was greater in FSTW-B/P than in NTCW and FSTCW. Estimated N loss through leaching, volatilization, or denitrification at 0–20 cm depth increased with increasing tillage frequency or greater with fallow than with continuous cropping and ranged from 9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in NTCW to 46 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in STW-F. Long-term no-till or spring till with continuous cropping increased dryland crop grain and biomass N, soil surface residue N, N storage, and potential N mineralization, and reduced N loss compared with the conventional system, such as STW-F, at the surface 20 cm layer. Greater tillage frequency, followed by pea inclusion in the last 5 out of 21 yr in FSTW-B/P, however, increased N availability at the subsurface layer in 2004.     

GC-μECD法快速检测猪肉地西泮残留

[目的]利用气相色谱-微电子捕获（GC-μECD）检测法,快速检测猪肉中地西泮残留,为该类药物在动物性食品检测提供参考。[方法]首先用乙腈超声提取猪肉中的地西泮,C18固相萃取柱净化,利用GC-μECD法进行残留检测,外标法定量。[结果]在1-1000μg/L范围内药物色谱峰面积与浓度线性关系良好,相关系数达到0.9994。对空白猪肉进行1-50μg／kg范围的药物添加回收试验,平均回收率为83.5％-94.9％,日内变异系数为2.4％-8.1％,日间变异系数为3.9％-6.4％。检出限为0.31μ/kg,定量限为1μg/kg。[结论]该方法简便、快速,稳定性好,灵敏度高,线性范围广,适用于猪肉中地西泮的残留检测。     

过氧化氢法制备二氧化氯反应残液的综合利用研究

[目的]研究过氧化氢法制备二氧化氯反应残液的综合利用,为工艺的进一步优化和产业化推广提供理论依据。[方法]将反应残液进行浓缩结晶,回用酸溶液,获副产品NaHSO4.H2O,考察浓缩蒸发量、结晶温度等对残液浓缩结晶的影响及残液循环对二氧化氯制备主要技术参数的影响。[结果]反应残液循环利用最佳浓缩蒸发量为55%～60%,最佳结晶温度为40～44℃,残液结晶循环综合利用对二氧化氯产品纯度和原料转化率无不利影响。[结论]该方法实现了废液的零排放和酸使用量的最小化,产生较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

50％乙草胺水乳剂在油菜田的残留动态研究

采用气相色谱法测定了乙草胺在油菜植株、籽、籽壳及土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。油菜植株、籽、籽壳样品用二氯甲烷提取,土壤用甲醇提取,经弗罗里硅土净化,GC．ECD检测,外标法定量。结果表明：乙草胺的添加量在0．005～1．0mg／kg水平下,乙草胺在土壤、油菜植株、籽、籽壳中的平均回收率分别为85-3％～96．5％、86．9％～90．3％、83．3％～89．7％、87．9％～90．4％,相对标准偏差分别为3．9％～5．0％、3．9％一9．5％、6．6％～14．3％、6．4％～11．1％,乙草胺的最小检出量（LOD）为5×10-7g,油菜植株、籽及籽壳中的最低检测浓度（LOQ）为O．01mg／kg,土壤中的LOQ为0．005mg／kg。乙草胺在福建莆田和湖南长沙土壤中的半衰期分别为3．5、5．2天,在油菜植株中的半衰期分别为1．7、2.3天,油菜收获时（距施药60天）,油菜田土壤、植株和油菜籽及壳中均未检测出乙草胺残留。     

味精的毒副作用研究概况

在广泛文献检索基础上,对味精的定义、分类和工艺过程、药理及毒副作用进行了探究,为饮食健康提供科学参考。     

24%辛硫磷溴虫腈EC对鳞翅目害虫防效及残毒试验

24%辛硫磷溴虫腈EC(21%辛硫磷+3%溴虫腈)750倍和1500倍对低龄桑螟、桑尺蠖有较好的防治效果。750倍叶面喷雾5d对家蚕安全,可以在蚕期中使用。     

Organic residue mass at planting is an excellent predictor of tree growth in Eucalyptus plantations established on a sandy tropical soil

Tropical plantation forests are meeting an increasing proportion of global wood demand and comprehensive studies assessing the impact of silvicultural practices on tree and soil functioning are required to achieve sustainable yields. The objectives of our study were: (1) to quantify the effects of contrasting organic residue (OR) retention methods on tree growth and soil nutrient pools over a full Eucalyptus rotation and (2) to assess the potential of soil analyses to predict yields of fast-growing plantations established on tropical sandy soils. An experiment was set up in the Congo at the harvesting of the first rotation after afforestation of a native herbaceous savanna. Six treatments were set up in 0.26 ha plots and replicated in 4 blocks, with OR mass at planting ranging from 0 to 46.5 Mg ha⁻¹. Tree growth over the whole rotation was highly dependent on OR management at planting. Over-bark trunk volume 7 years after planting ranged from 96 m³ ha⁻¹ in the treatment with forest floor and harvest residue removal at planting to 164 m³ ha⁻¹ in the treatment with the largest amount of OR. A comparison of nutrient stocks within the ecosystem at planting and at the end of the rotation suggested that nutrient contents in OR were largely involved in the different response observed between treatments. OR management treatments did not significantly modify most of the nutrient concentrations in the upper layers of the mineral soil. Conventional soil analyses performed before planting and at ages 1 and 3 years were unable to detect differences between treatments despite large differences in tree growth. In contrast, linear regressions between stand aboveground biomass at harvesting and OR mass at planting (independent variable) showed that OR mass was an excellent predictor of stand yield (R² = 0.99). A large share of soil fertility comes from organic material above the mineral soil in highly weathered sandy soils and OR mass at planting might be used in conjunction with soil analyses to assess the potential of these soils to support forest plantations.