不同水分条件下银叶椴根系的分形特征

 应用分形理论研究植物根系的形态结构特征和生理功能。通过对不同水分条件下4年生盆栽银叶椴根系的分形维数值及根丰度和根系长度等进行研究发现:水涝处理根系的分形维数值最小,干旱胁迫也使分形维数变小,先干旱后复水促使维数值变大。随着水分胁迫程度的增加,银叶椴的根丰度变小,但差异不显著,根系长度变小并且各处理之间差异显著。同时分析在不同水分条件下根系活力的变化,并对根系活力与分形维数值及根丰度和根系长度等进行了相关分析,结果表明根系活力与这些指标都呈显著的正相关关系。     

Responses of waterbirds to flooding in an arid region of Australia and implications for conservation

Floods are a frequent but irregular feature of Australia's dryland river catchments. We investigated changes in abundances of waterbirds in north western New South Wales with changes in wetland distribution at local, catchment and broad scales. The abundance of most functional groups of waterbirds changed in response to broad scale changes in wetland distribution, while local abundance remained highly variable. Patterns of abundance varied among functional groups of waterbirds, with some immediately responding to changes in wetland distribution and area flooded, and others apparently responding to sequences of wetting and drying. In Australia, the main conservation issue for waterbirds is water and its use across the landscape and not the spatial arrangement of any fixed array of reserves established to protect them.     

Eucalypt establishment in agricultural landscapes and implications for landscape-scale restoration

In south-eastern Australia large-scale re-establishment of woody vegetation is required to halt loss of biodiversity, land degradation and dryland salinisation. Revegetation is often undertaken via intensive replanting by tube-stock or seed although such methods are costly and can have limited biodiversity benefits. Regeneration from naturally dispersed seed is an alternative and cost-effective method of revegetation. Describing the relationships between broad-scale patterns of natural regeneration, landscape characteristics, climate and current and historical land use could assist in the development of regional revegetation strategies. In this paper we describe the results of a survey of eucalypt regeneration across 519 sites in grassy dry forests and grassy woodlands of central Victoria, Australia. Eucalypt regeneration was observed in 27% of all sites. The probability of eucalypt regeneration was reduced by intensive past land use (cultivation), regular livestock grazing, increasing distance to remnant trees and high cover of exotic annual vegetation. Even when these factors were taken into account, public land was predicted to have higher probabilities of supporting regeneration suggesting that a long-history of agriculture can limit future recruitment even when grazing is removed. Although the highest probability of regeneration was observed in ungrazed sites, regeneration also occurred under intermittent grazing regimes. Natural regeneration has potential to make considerable contributions to future tree cover in these landscapes. Scenario testing at three farms suggests that under current patterns of tree cover (2.7%), 40% of the total area has a high probability of supporting natural regeneration in the absence of livestock grazing. However, due to paddock tree decline this could be reduced to 18% of total farm area if no management action is taken in the next 30 years.     

Influence of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on stable isotopes of nitrogen in Phaseolus vulgaris

The interactions between Phaseolus vulgaris, Rhizobium spp. strains nodulating P. vulgaris, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were assessed under greenhouse conditions in a nonsterilized Typic Haplustalf soil from Cauca, Colombia. Our results indicate a specific involvement of AM fungal species in nitrogen acquisition by the legume plants from symbiotic nitrogen fixation and from soil. A significant specific influence of inoculation with Glomus spp. on the ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratio in plant shoots was dependent on the inoculated rhizobial strain, but AM fungal inoculation had no significant effect on shoot dry weight or nodule occupancy in the two different rhizobial strain treatments. The results imply that in low P soils the effects of an improved mycorrhizal symbiosis may include improved symbiotic N₂ fixation efficiency and/or improved soil N uptake. Received: 11 May 1996     

The potential negative impacts of the classical swine fever virus on wild boar population in Gifu prefecture,Japan

There is a possibility that classical swine fever (CSF) virus outbreak has negative impacts on wild boar. To adequately manage native wild boar populations, wildlife managers need to gather the field data on wild boar and implement population management practices. We aimed to report the relative abundance index of wild boar before and after this outbreak. Our results showed that relative abundance index declined from 2017 (8.88 wild boars/100 trap days) to 2019 (2.03 wild boars/100 trap days), because of the negative impact of this virus and continuous culling programs. Although the eradication risk from the synergistic effect is low, wildlife managers need to consider the relationship between the trade-off between the risk of CSF and the conservation ecology risk of native species eradication.     

Nitrogen Fixation and N-Balance Studies on Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) Landraces Grown on Tropical Acidic Soils of Malaysia

Bambara groundnut has great potential as an alternative crop for improving food security in its production regions and beyond. A field experiment was conducted at the Field Research Centre of the Crops for the Future to obtain information on the nitrogen (N) fixation and N balance of Bambara groundnut landraces on tropical acidic soils of Malaysia. Treatments consisted of three Bambara groundnut landraces (Ex-Sokoto, Kaaro, and NN-1) laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. Results obtained revealed that Ex-Sokoto landrace was greater in yield and N fixation, whereas N balance (-haulm) was greater in NN-1 landrace. The results revealed grain yield of 703–2256 kg ha^?1 and N fixation from 32–81 kg ha^?1 and suggest that Bambara groundnut could be integrated into a cereal-based cropping system. Ex-Sokoto landrace appeared to be the most promising for yield and N fixation under Malaysian acidic soil conditions.     

Using natural 13C abundances to differentiate between three CO2 sources during incubation of a grassland soil amended with slurry and sugar

This study describes a novel approach to separate three soil carbon (C) sources by one tracer method (here ¹³C natural abundance). The approach uses the temporal dynamics of the CO₂ efflux from a C₃ grassland soil amended with added C₃ or C₄ slurry and/or C₃ or C₄ sugar to estimate contributions of three separate C sources (native soil, slurry, and sugar) to CO₂ efflux. Soil with slurry and/or sugar was incubated under controlled conditions, and concentration and δ¹³C values of evolved CO₂ were measured over a 2‐week period. The main assumption needed for separation of three C sources in CO₂ efflux, i.e., identical decomposition of applied C₃ and C₄ sugars in soil, was investigated and proven. The relative contribution to the CO₂ efflux was higher, but shorter with an increased (microbial) availability of the C source, i.e., sugar > slurry > SOM. The shortcomings and limitations as well as possible future applications of the suggested method are discussed.     

珍稀濒危植物长苞铁杉群落物种多度分布模型研究

用Weibull分布模型拟合珍稀濒危植物长苞铁杉群落物种多度分布结果表明 ,长苞铁杉群落乔木层、灌木层物种多度分布均符合Weibull分布 ,Weibull分布模型应用于珍稀濒危植物长苞铁杉群落物种多度分布具可行性     

Habitat requirements of passerines and reedbed management in southern France

Reedbeds have high conservation value in Europe. In southern France, they are the major breeding habitat of five passerine species. Yet, habitat management is done primarily by water control to serve socio-economic rather than conservation interests, because we lack information on the species' ecological requirements. Determinants of passerine abundance were assessed through a comparative analysis of water regime, plant structure, and arthropod (food) distribution at 12 sites consisting of at least 10 ha of marsh densely covered with common reed (Phragmites australis). Overall bird abundance estimated through standardised mist netting was positively correlated with food availability (sweep-netted arthropods weighted by their occurrence in birds' diet), which was in turn negatively correlated with duration of ground dryness between June and December. Abundance of four of the five bird species was associated with specific vegetation parameters (reed diameter, dry reed density, growing reed height, etc.), which could be associated with particular management practices, especially with regard to water levels and salinity. Potential impact of socio-economic activities through their water management is addressed, as well as possible ways to minimise these impacts.