Characterization of the Soil Organic Matter in Agricultural Mine Spoils and Reclaimed Soils Treated with Organic Amendments

Recycling organic waste in agricultural soils is a valid solution. We performed short‐term experiments to investigate the fate of urban sludge and composts, in mine spoils, cultivated or uncultivated, and reclaimed soils located in Florence and Milan, Italy. The samples, either treated or untreated, were fractionated by density into light (<1.63 Mg m^?3) and heavy (>1.63 Mg m^?3) fractions. The fractions were analyzed for total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents and for δ ¹³C and δ ¹⁵N isotopes, and they were characterized by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Treatment increased the heavy fraction. The addition of sludge in the Florence area acts in synergy with the cultivation, increasing the light fraction (LF). In the Milan area, the LF tends to be decomposed and apparently transformed into HF. The addition of amendments or cultivation enhances the decomposition with release of carbon dioxide. For future research, we suggest lengthening the time of the experiments to integrate climatic variations.     

不同施肥模式对绿洲农田土壤微生物群落丰度与酶活性的影响

以中国科学院阜康荒漠生态系统国家野外观测研究站的长期定位试验为平台,利用荧光实时定量PCR(Real-time PCR)技术,对不同施肥模式下的土壤微生物群落丰度进行了测定,并分析了土壤酶活性。结果表明:与无肥处理(CK)相比,20年长期单施化肥(CF)或者化肥配施秸秆(CF/OM)处理均显著增加了土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)与氨氧化细菌(AOB)的丰度。其中,土壤AOB最低增加了16倍,而AOA最多增加了3倍,表明AOB可能在原位土壤氨氧化过程中发挥了更为重要的作用。尽管CF/OM处理的作物产量与CF处理无显著差异,但该施肥模式在维持作物产量的同时,其土壤微生物主要类群(真核微生物、细菌、古菌)数量最大,土壤有机碳含量最高,大多土壤酶活性高于其他处理,表明化肥配施有机肥有利于保持土壤微生物多样性,对于提高土壤质量具有重要作用。     

The under-recognized dominance of Verrucomicrobia in soil bacterial communities

Verrucomicrobia are ubiquitous in soil, but members of this bacterial phylum are thought to be present at low frequency in soil, with few studies focusing specifically on verrucomicrobial abundance, diversity, and distribution. Here we used barcoded pyrosequencing to analyze verrucomicrobial communities in surface soils collected across a range of biomes in Antarctica, Europe, and the Americas (112 samples), as well as soils collected from pits dug in a montane coniferous forest (69 samples). Data collected from surface horizons indicate that Verrucomicrobia average 23% of bacterial sequences, making them far more abundant than had been estimated. We show that this underestimation is likely due to primer bias, as many of the commonly used PCR primers appear to exclude verrucomicrobial 16S rRNA genes during amplification. Verrucomicrobia were detected in 180 out of 181 soils examined, with members of the class Spartobacteria dominating verrucomicrobial communities in nearly all biomes and soil depths. The relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia was highest in grasslands and in subsurface soil horizons, where they were often the dominant bacterial phylum. Although their ecology remains poorly understood, Verrucomicrobia appear to be dominant in many soil bacterial communities across the globe, making additional research on their ecology clearly necessary.     

Natural abundance of 15N in nitrate,ureides, and amino acids from plant tissues

The natural ¹⁵N abundances (δ¹⁵N values) were measured for nitrate and free and bound amino acids from the leaves of field-grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and komatsuna (Brassica campestris L.), as well as ureides and free and bound amino acids in the leaves and roots of hydroponically grown soybean (Glycine max L.) totally depending on dinitrogen. Nitrate from the spinach and komatsuna leaves and ureides from leaves and roots of soybean showed higher δ¹⁵N values than the total tissue N and N in free or bound amino acid fractions. The δ¹⁵N values of individual free and bound amino acids, determined by GC/C/MS using their acetylpropyl derivatives, were similar in leaf tissues except for proline but varied in soybean root tissues. The order of ¹⁵N enrichment was similar in the four samples: aspartic acid > glutamic acid > threonine, proline, valine > glycine + alanine +serine, γ-amino butyric acid, and phenylalanine.     

岩溶地貌部位对土壤微生物丰度与酶活性的影响

以中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所桂林丫吉岩溶试验场为研究区,单氨加氧酶的编码基因amoA的部分序列作为氨氧化细菌(AOB)指示基因,利用荧光定量PCR技术,结合平板菌落计数法和土壤酶活性测定,探讨了岩溶地貌部位及土壤成因对微生物群落丰度和酶活性的影响。结果发现,受岩溶地貌部位和土壤成因的影响,土壤酶活性、土壤微生物总数在垭口、坡地、洼地呈增加的趋势,而氨氧化细菌丰度则呈现降低的趋势。结果表明,土壤氨氧化细菌丰度与真菌数呈极其显著的正相关,而与蔗糖酶活性呈极其显著负相关。     

Cavity and bark nesting bird response to partial cutting in Northern conifer forests

We investigated whether partial cutting used to mimic small-scale natural disturbances could maintain cavity and bark nesting breeding birds. We assessed changes in the relative abundance of cavity nesting birds in two intensities of partial cutting, compared to uncut and clearcut stands, 9 years post-treatment. We then examined the relationship between forest structure and nesting abundance (stand scale) and compared characteristics of used nest and forage trees to unused trees (tree scale). The relative abundance of most species was highest in either heavy removal or light removal treatments 9 years post-harvest. Brown creepers were most abundant in uncut, and red-breasted sapsuckers were most abundant in clearcut and heavy removal treatments. The proportion of deciduous trees and the density of dead trees were the best predictors of nest abundance. Individual nest tree use was predicted by the presence of large deciduous trees with broken tops and early to advanced stages of decay. Forage tree use was predicted by the presence of large conifer trees in advanced stages of decay. To maintain breeding habitat for cavity nesters, we suggest that forest managers retain the specific structural attributes required for nesting, but also the diverse forest conditions required for foraging.     

ENSO现象对东南太平洋智利竹(竹夹)鱼资源丰度及其渔场变动的影响

ENSO（El Niño-southern oscillation）是目前全球已知的最大海-气相互作用现象,对渔业生产具有重要影响。根据2003-2016年我国东南太平洋智利竹（竹夹）鱼渔捞日志资料,结合Niño 3.4区海表温度距平值（SSTA）分析智利竹（竹夹）鱼渔场资源丰度和时空分布。结果表明：智利竹（竹夹）鱼渔场重心变化与ENSO现象存在着显著相关性,Niño 3.4区SSTA与经度重心的关联度为0.700,与纬度重心的关联度为0.726,与CPUE月间变化的关联度为0.520,与CPUE年间变化的关联度为0.703。厄尔尼诺期间,渔场重心存在向西北移动的趋势,其CPUE高于正常月份平均值;拉尼娜期间,渔场重心存在向东南移动的趋势,其CPUE低于正常月份平均值。     

长江口渔场渔业生物资源动态分析

本文用 2 0 0 3年在长江口渔场 3个航次的调查数据 ,对该水域的渔业资源状况进行了分析。结果表明 :三个调查航次共捕获渔业生物 79种 ,其中鱼类 4 9种 ,隶属于 11目 ,30科 ,4 5属 ;虾蟹类共有 2 0种 ;头足类共有 10种 ,隶属于 3目 ,6科 ,6属。三个调查航次都是以鱼类的资源量指数最高 ,资源尾数密度表现为虾蟹类高于头足类 ,资源重量密度除 6月份虾蟹类低于头足类外 ,4月和 9月 2个航次都高于头足类。鱼类和虾蟹类的资源量指数值在 9月份达到最大 ,而 6月份为最低 ;头足类的资源量指数以 4月份最高 ,9月份最低。优势种组成的变化表现为 :4月份为黄鲫和小黄鱼 ,6月份为、黄和太平洋褶柔鱼 ,9月份为带鱼和小黄鱼。     

盐池县四儿滩湿地及其周边植物多样性研究

采用α-多样性指数即Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、群落均匀度指、和丰富度指数对盐池县四儿滩湿地周边的植被与盐池县天然草场、人工封育区和撂荒地的植被进行比较研究,得出湿地周边的植被多样性指数和丰富度指数都大于天然草场,大于撂荒地,人工封育区植被多样性指数最小.均匀度指数撂荒地最大,其次分别是天然草场和湿地,人工封育地均匀度指数最小.