唐山“三岛”海域小型底栖动物丰度的研究

于2013年5月,8月和10月份对唐山"三岛"海域12个不同站位小型底栖动物进行调查采样。共鉴定出自由生活海洋线虫、桡足类、多毛类、枝角类、端足类、介形类、涡虫类、轮虫类、双壳类及等足类10个类群。最优势类群是线虫,每个站位所占比例基本大于95%,平均丰度大约735.2ind/10cm2。其他类群各站位所占比例不同,且都较小。结果表明,小型底栖动物各类群所占比例随月份的变化并没明显变化;不同月份,各类群的丰度有所变化,其中5月份丰度较高,10月次之,8月份丰度最低。     

南繁区转基因水稻田杂草种类调查

为了弄清南繁区转基因水稻田、非转基因水稻田和空白对照田杂草种类及发生情况,采取5点取样法,对3种田的田间杂草种类及危害情况进行了调查。结果表明：转基因水稻田有杂草19种,隶属11科,优势杂草为空心菜、牛毛毡、水莎草、莲子草、水苋菜、千金子,相对多度分别为37．58％、28．51％、26．24％、21．70％、21.62％、20．84％;非转基因水稻田主要杂草包括17种,隶属10科,优势杂草为空心菜、水莎草、牛毛毡、莲子草、水苋菜,相对多度分别为40．14％、29．83％、29．83％、24．11％、21．70％;空白对照田主要杂草包括12种,隶属8科,优势杂草为空心菜、水莎草、水苋菜、碎米莎草、莲子草、鳢肠,相对多度分别为60．28％、36．76％、34．98％、33.80％、29．11％、23．25％;水稻田（转基因水稻和非转基因水稻）中各优势杂草的危害程度明显低于空白对照;除了千金子,转基因水稻田中的优势杂草（空心菜、牛毛毡、水莎草、莲子草、水苋菜、碎米莎草、鳢肠）的危害程度均略低于对应的非转基因水稻。     

Glyphosate- and imazethapyr-induced effects on yield, nodule mass and biological nitrogen fixation in field-grown glyphosate-resistant soybean

Over half of the 21 Mha of soybean planted in Brazil is now transgenic glyphosate-resistant (GM_RR). A field experiment was carried out to investigate whether the application of glyphosate or imazethapyr to the GM_RR variety reduced the input of N₂ fixation (BNF). No effects on yield, total N accumulation, nodulation and BNF (δ¹⁵N) could be assigned to the genetic modification of the plant. Imazethapyr reduced soybean yield but had no significant effect on BNF. Even though yields were not affected by glyphosate, the significant reduction of nodule mass and BNF to the GM_RR suggests that the use of this herbicide could lead to an increased dependence on soil N and consequently an eventual decrease of SOM reserves.     

利用N-15自然丰度法研究固氮植物生物固氮量

生物固氮对全球生态系统氮素循环和全球变化有着重要影响,但是由于测定方法的原因,过去对生物固氮,特别是多年生固氮植物的共生固氮的定量研究不足。在对目前国际上日益受到重视的用N-15自然丰度法研究固氮植物生物固氮量的研究进展进行初步总结的基础上,探讨了影响该方法准确性的一些主要因素。N-15自然丰度法克服了传统的差值法、N-15同位素稀释法和乙烯还原法等的不足,可野外原位定量研究生物固氮,如果对各影响因子加以系统考虑,合理解决参比植物选择和固氮植物取样部位等方面的问题,该方法可较为准确地原位测定人工生态系统中固氮作物和固氮树种的生物固氮量。但是在天然生态系统中由于植物有效氮源的多样性以及其它影响因素较复杂,应用难度较大。     

Experimental infections with Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) on threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., and juvenile Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp

Experimental infections with Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) were established on threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., juvenile pink, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum), and chum, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), salmon. The prevalence and abundance of infections were initially higher on sticklebacks than on either salmon species. The initial prevalence and intensity of infections on chum salmon were higher than those on pink salmon, and declined on both species during louse development. The rate of parasite development to adult stages was similar on all species although development beyond the preadult stage was not observed on sticklebacks. These results confirm previous field observations on the occurrence and development of L. salmonis on threespine sticklebacks.     

Unravelling the diversity and assemblage of phytoplankton in homestead ponds of central coastal belt,Bangladesh

Homestead ponds may offer an ideal opportunity in contribution to household income, fish consumption through fish culture. Phytoplankton plays a key indicator in pond productivity. However, the phytoplankton communities in the homestead ponds are nearly undetermined in Bangladesh. This study summarizes the phytoplankton diversity, assemblage and ecological parameters of the homestead ponds in central coastal belt, Bangladesh, based on two seasons. The results revealed that significant differences (p < .05) were found in pH, DO, conductivity, TDS, nitrates, phosphates and sulphates except temperature in monsoon, and transparency in both seasons. A total of 34 phytoplankton genera representatives of five major groups were recorded such as Euglenophyceae (41.5%), Chlorophyceae (30.5%), Cyanophyceae (13%), Dinophyceae (10%) and Bacillariophyceae (5%). A significant difference (p < .05) in phytoplankton abundance was found in both seasons with the highest mean of 186.13 ± 129.34 × 10⁴ cells L^?1 in monsoon and the lowest mean of 144.40 ± 107.26 × 10⁴ cells L^?1 during winter. The diversity (H'), evenness (J'), richness (d) and dominance (D) ranged from 1.62 to 2.47, 0.52 to 0.97, 0.37 to 1.15 and 0.10 to 0.28 respectively. Based on SIMPER, the most dominant (>10%) genera for dissimilation within stations and seasons were Euglena spp., Phacus spp., Chlorella spp., Strombomonas spp. and Peridinium spp. ANOSIM results stated that 12 genera of phytoplankton were significant contributors based on average dissimilarity. Pearson's correlation coefficient and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that phytoplankton abundance, diversity and community were mainly governed by transparency, dissolved oxygen and nitrates.     

Dynamics and determinants of Quercus alba seedling success following savanna encroachment and restoration

The scattered tree layer that defines savannas is important for structuring the understory community and determining patterns of overstory recruitment. However, encroachment by woody plants has altered overstory tree densities and regeneration dynamics. We characterized seedling success of the savanna-forming species Quercus alba within Midwestern (USA) oak savannas that had been degraded by encroachment (control; n = 4) or experimentally restored by removal of encroaching woody vegetation (treatment; n = 4). In early 2004, 981 seedlings were transplanted along transects radiating from tree boles of overstory Q. alba trees to inter-canopy gaps and monitored for three growing seasons. Seedlings in restored sites had greater survival (>2×), height growth (by >50%), and basal diameter growth (by >20%). In general, seedling survival and growth parameters increased with distance from overstory trees and were greatest in inter-canopy gaps of restored sites. By the final growing season (2006), the seedling survival-by-distance from tree correlation was stronger in control (r² = 0.25) than treatment sites (r² = 0.18), due to relatively uniform (and greater) survival at all distances from trees in treatment sites. In 2006, growth parameters (seedling height, diameter, Δ height, Δ diameter, and # leaves) were significantly (and more strongly) positively correlated with distance from trees in treatment sites. However, seedling herbivory was also greater after treatment and increased with distance from overstory trees. To understand seedling/microenvironment relationships, we created logistic (survival) and linear regression models (Δ height, Δ basal diameter, # leaves in 2006). Control seedling models had consistently greater predictive power and included more variables, suggesting that savanna restoration may decouple seedlings from their microenvironments, potentially by decreasing competition for limiting resources. Encroachment of the savannas in this study is limiting regeneration of Q. alba, suggesting substantially altered regeneration dynamics from those under which these savannas originally formed. Initial responses from our test of restoration, however, were promising and mechanical encroachment removal may be a means to promote overstory regeneration of this species. Finally, the savannas in this study appear inherently unstable and a scattered canopy tree configuration is unlikely to persist without regular disturbance, even in the restoration sites. Repeated mechanical thinning treatments with selected retention of recruiting Q. alba individuals or reintroduction of understory fire or grazing animals may be potential mechanisms for promoting long-term persistence of savannas at these sites.     

不同恢复时期红松阔叶林群落结构与多样性特征

以长白山不同恢复时期红松阔叶林群落为研究对象,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,探讨了不同恢复时期(恢复20年、30年、70年和原始林)红松阔叶林群落的结构与多样性特征.结果表明:恢复70年的群落中乔木科、属、种特征与原始林相同,而恢复20年和30年的群落则与原始林存在显著差异,物种多度分布曲线也显示了相同的特征.恢复70年的群落与原始林中的物种丰富度及多度随径级和高度级的分布形式相同,但恢复20年和30年的群落则与原始林不同,并且缺少大径级和较高的树木.恢复30年的群落中乔木和灌木的物种丰富度最高,而恢复70年的群落则与原始林无显著差异,草本物种丰富度在原始林中最高.乔木Shannon-Wiener多样性指数也表现出与物种丰富度相同的大小关系,而灌木在4个不同恢复时期群落中无显著差异,草本则是恢复30年和原始林较高.恢复70年的群落与原始林相似性最高,而恢复20年的群落与原始林相似性最低.从群落的结构与多样性特征来看,恢复70年的群落结构与多样性特征已经接近原始林群落水平.     

万佛山丹霞地貌区常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性分析

为探讨丹霞地貌区常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性,通过对物种丰富度指数、物种相对多度模型、物种多样性指数和物种均匀度指数的测度,对区域内16个常绿阔叶林群落进行分析,并与中亚热带典型地区森林群落物种多样性比较。结果表明,万佛山常绿阔叶林群落具有较高的物种丰富度,物种多样性在层次中的变化趋势为灌层〉乔层〉草层;万佛山常绿阔叶林生物多样性在中亚热带常绿阔叶林生态系统中具有普遍的意义。     

Effects of human-mediated processes on weed species composition in internationally traded grain commodities

International trade is a major route by which non‐indigenous organisms are introduced into new habitats. Various kinds of weed seeds have been introduced through grain trade. The objectives of this study were to understand the factors that affect the initial assemblage of plant species introduced by the international grain trade and to extract their general attributes. We surveyed weed seed contamination of spring wheat imported from Canada to Japan and analysed the effects of the field abundance of each weed and of harvesting and cleaning on the quantity of weed seed included in the imported wheat. The field abundance was positively correlated with the weed seed quantity. Seeds of short weeds and seeds with a pappus were eliminated from the wheat by the harvesting or cleaning process. Many other crop plants contaminated the wheat. Because various transportation vehicles, temporary storage sites and port elevators are used commonly with all exported crops and it is difficult to remove all residues from them, other crops might be carried over into the wheat commodity. These relationships also apply to other grains.