The effect of salt stress on Arabidopsis thaliana and Phelipanche ramosa interaction

Salinity and Orobanche or Phelipanche spp. infection are important crop stress factors in agricultural areas. In this study, we investigated the effect of salt stress on Phelipanche ramosa seed germination and its attachment onto Arabidopsis thaliana roots. We also evaluated the effect of both stresses on the expression of genes regulated by abiotic and biotic stresses. According to our results, high concentration of NaCl delayed P. ramosa seed germination in the presence of a strigolactone analogue (GR24). A similar pattern was observed in the presence of A. thaliana plants. Furthermore, we found that salt‐treated A. thaliana seedlings were more sensitive to P. ramosa attachment compared with the untreated plants, indicating that there was a positive correlation between salt sensitivity and the ability of P. ramosa to infect A. thaliana plants. At the molecular level, a synergystic effect of both salt and P. ramosa stresses was observed on the cold‐regulated (COR) gene expression profile of treated A. thaliana seedlings. Our data clarify the interaction between parasitic plants and their hosts under abiotic stress conditions.     

交叉保护防治柑橘衰退病研究进展

柑橘衰退病毒引起的茎陷点型和速衰型衰退病对世界柑橘产业造成了严重损失。目前交叉保护是防治茎陷点型衰退病最有效的方法,也用于酸橙砧木速衰型衰退病的防治。从各国防治经验、弱毒株筛选方法、防治机理等方面对交叉保护防治柑橘衰退病的最新研究进展作出综述,同时就现有交叉保护防治技术的不足和解决途径进行讨论和展望,旨在为更好地防治柑橘衰退病提供借鉴。     

Classification of herbicides according to chemical family for weed resistance management strategies – an update

There are inaccuracies in the chemical families of the WSSA and HRAC herbicide classification systems which could limit their practical use in herbicide‐based weed management strategies. In essence, these inaccuracies could be divided into four parts: (i) the nomenclature of many of the chemical families is not correct, (ii) distinct active ingredients are grouped in same chemical families, (iii) many chemical families have been repeated in at least two modes of action/herbicide groups, and (iv) many active ingredients have not been assigned to chemical family, herbicide group or mode of action. The aim of this study was to revise the current classifications and to propose corrections for the current ones. Detailed investigations on chemical structure of the active ingredients of the registered herbicides showed that some moieties have the same mechanisms of action. According to this study, these moieties have been assigned to the names of chemical families and active ingredients are then classified within the chemical families accordingly. This study has 119 chemical families, compared with 145 in the WSSA system and 58 in the HRAC system. A major priority of this study is the number of active ingredients covered; we included 410 active ingredients with known mechanisms of action and herbicide groups, more than 100 active ingredients more than the current classification systems. Overall, this study provides better opportunities for the management of resistance to herbicides through the application of improved pure and applied knowledge.     

New developments in insecticide resistance in the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in the UK

A recent survey of insecticide resistance in two of the most problematic pests in UK glasshouses revealed some new developments. At least some individuals in all UK samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum that were tested resisted the insect growth regulator (IGR) buprofezin. The most strongly resistant strains were unaffected by the field application rate of this compound, and even samples from populations that had never been exposed to buprofezin contained individuals that survived the highest concentration applied (10,000 mg litre-1). The field rate of buprofezin was shown to select for resistance through vapour action alone. The benzophenylurea teflubenzuron, an unrelated IGR, was cross-resisted by buprofezin-resistant individuals. There was no evidence of resistance to imidacloprid, but all T vaporariorum strains tested, regardless of origin, exhibited a high innate tolerance to nicotine, when compared with another whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci. Marked resistance to fenbutatin oxide and tebufenpyrad was found in single glasshouse populations of Tetranychus urticae, but these compounds and abamectin appeared to remain highly effective against all other strains collected.     

Diversity of insecticide resistance mechanisms and spectrum in European populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella

Only a few of the registered insecticides against Cydia pomonella L. are still effective in areas where insecticide resistance has emerged in this pest. Resistance mechanisms are multiple, and their lone or cumulative effects in a single population are not completely understood. A detailed estimation of resistance spectrum is still required to define the suitable insecticides to use against a given population. The efficacy of ten insecticides was therefore investigated together with the resistance mechanisms expressed in four laboratory strains and 47 field populations of C. pomonella from five countries. Bioassays were performed using topical applications of diagnostic concentrations on diapausing larvae, and resistance mechanisms were analysed on adults emerging from control insects. All populations exhibited a reduced susceptibility to at least one insecticide when compared with the susceptible laboratory strain. Cross-resistances were observed between azinphos-methyl or phosalone and more recent compounds such as spinosad and thiacloprid. Resistances to azinphos-methyl, diflubenzuron, spinosad, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were significantly correlated with mixed-function oxidase activity, while increased glutathione-S-transferase and reduced non-specific esterase activities were correlated with resistance to azinphos-methyl and emamectin, respectively. Conversely, resistances to azinphos-methyl, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were negatively correlated with increased esterase activity. None of the observed mechanisms explained the loss of susceptibility of populations to chlorpyrifos-ethyl, and no significant correlation was detected between resistance to deltamethrin and the presence of the kdr mutation. The suitability of such non-target instars to monitor insecticide resistance in field populations is discussed.     

二棘血蜱叮咬中华硬蜱纯化抗原免疫接种宿主后的交叉免疫反应

选用中华硬蜱105kD柱层析纯化抗原对新西兰兔进行免疫接种,再用二棘血蜱进行叮咬,并与单纯二棘血蜱叮咬组和佐剂对照组进行对比,以探讨不同种属硬蜱之间的交叉免疫抗性。结果显示:单纯二棘血蜱叮咬组吸血量为181 3±44 3mg,而二棘血蜱叮咬由中华硬蜱105kD纯化抗原免疫接种组和佐剂对照组新西兰兔后其吸血量分别为102 1±25 3mg和168 5±40 9mg,纯化抗原免疫接种组较单纯二棘血蜱叮咬组和佐剂对照组吸血量分别下降43 7%和39 4%(P<0 01)。同时,纯化抗原免疫接种组也较单纯二棘血蜱叮咬组和佐剂对照组产卵量有显著下降。该研究结果表明中华硬蜱和二棘血蜱之间存在着交叉免疫反应。     

杉木正反交组合F_1代生理生化特性的比较研究

选择数量性状存在明显差异的９年生杉木正、反交组合Ｆ１代及其亲本、测定和分析其生理生化特性。结果表明：杉木种内杂交存在较明显的“母本效应”只要父母本选配恰当，获得超优势亲本的杂合体是完全可能的。     

家蚕混精杂交的实验生物学研究

利用染色体替换法研制出具有标志基因、又可在子代明确区分的二种精子活力相同的材料——临皓普、临皓素.以这两个材料进行二雄交一雌的混精杂交试验,研究不同交配时间、交配次序对受精选择性的影响.结果,第一雄蛾交配25或30分钟的子代中,素蚕和普斑蚕开差很大,交配50或60分钟,两种类型比例接近,x~2检验理论值与实际值相符.交配次序中,属后交雄蛾的类型略多,交配时间和次序的不同,对选择受精的影响较大,本文对上述问题进行了讨论.