烟蒜轮作与套作对土壤农化性状及烤烟产量的影响

为了探讨烟蒜轮作与套作对土壤农化性状及烤烟产量的影响,本试验在烤烟不同生育时期,采取单作烤烟、烟蒜轮作与套作种植方式下的土壤样品分析农化指标和统计烟叶产量,并对其结果进行对比分析.结果表明随生育期的推进,不同种植方式下根际土壤pH值呈增加趋势,烟蒜轮作与套作根际与非根际土壤的pH值均高于单作烤烟.上部叶成熟期,烟蒜轮作与套作根际与非根际土壤有机质含量均高于单作烤烟.下部叶与上部叶成熟期,烟蒜轮作与套作非根际土壤速效氮含量显著高于单作烤烟.而上部叶成熟期,烟蒜轮作与套作处理根际土壤速效磷、速效钾含量高于单作烤烟.烟蒜轮作与套作烟叶产量、上中等烟率较单作烤烟提高了35.04％和17.55％、5.88％和3.88％.烟蒜轮作与烟蒜套作种植方式均有利于缓解烟草连作障碍,改善土壤微生态环境,提高烤烟产量,但烟蒜轮作对其效果更加突出.本研究探讨烟蒜轮作与烟蒜套作种植方式对土壤农化性状及烤烟产量的影响,可为改良植烟土壤、减轻连作障碍及栽培制度的创新提供理论基础和技术支撑.     

皖北亳州烟区土壤肥力定量评价

采集分析了谯城区1134个植烟土样的p H值、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷的含量,利用模糊数学和主成分分析方法对其肥力进行了定量评价,旨在通过简便科学的评价,快速摸清烟区土壤肥力现状,指导精准施肥。研究结果表明:(1)研究区土壤p H较高,有机质偏低,大部分土壤碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷适中;(2)肥力较低区、中等肥力区和较高肥力区分别占耕地总面积的5.65%、89.93%和4.42%;(3)土壤肥力在南北方向上呈现低-高-低的趋势,东西方向上呈现出高-低-高趋势;(4)现主要植烟乡镇中,从土壤适宜性方面来看,西南部和中部相对优于西北部,西北烟区应该设法提高速效钾含量。     

生物炭对玉米茎秆性状及产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了生物炭不同施用量(0、10、20、40、80 t/hm2)对玉米茎秆中的钾含量、茎秆形态特征、茎秆质量性状及产量的影响。结果表明：土壤中施加生物炭能够促进玉米茎秆各节的钾含量,并且生物炭的施入矮化了蜡熟期玉米茎基部3~5节的节间长,增大了玉米茎粗,增强了茎秆弹力和茎秆外皮穿刺力,增加了茎秆干物质积累,使茎秆粗壮、坚韧。随着生物炭施用量增加对玉米茎秆钾含量、茎秆性状及产量的影响均表现出先增大后降低的趋势。施炭量40 t/hm2为最优施用量,产量达13261 kg/hm2,较对照提高了25.99％。当施炭量为80 t/hm2时茎秆中的钾含量、茎秆形态特征、茎秆质量性状及产量的提高幅度略有下降。     

栽培密度和施肥水平对黄花蒿生长特性和青蒿素的影响

采用大田试验,研究不同密度和施肥水平对黄花蒿生长、生物量分配和青蒿素含量的影响。试验设3个密度水平: 高密度（111111株/hm2）、中密度（55555株/hm2）和低密度（27778株/hm2）。 各密度设3个施肥水平(复合肥,N-P2O5-K2O为15-15-15): 不施肥、低肥（60 kg/hm2）和高肥（120 kg/hm2）。结果表明,黄花蒿对密度和养分条件变化的适应性较强,其中密度是植株大小、生物量分配和产量有关参数的主要决定因子,而青蒿素含量由施肥水平决定。相同施肥水平下,黄花蒿的基径与分枝数均随密度的降低而显著增大,其单株生物量也随密度的降低而显著增大; 中、高密度黄花蒿的支持结构生物量分数均显著大于低密度,低密度黄花蒿的根生物量分数和根/冠比显著大于中、高密度。相同密度下,施肥水平对黄花蒿的单株生物量影响不显著,但显著影响其生物量分配。低密度下,黄花蒿根生物量分数和根/冠比随施肥水平的增高而显著降低; 高密度下,黄花蒿叶生物量分数随施肥水平的增高而显著增大。所有处理中,低密度低施肥水平黄花蒿的青蒿素含量最高,中密度低施肥水平的叶产量和青蒿素产量最大。本试验条件下,黄花蒿栽培以密度55555株/hm2、 施肥60 kg/hm2为宜。     

Short-term population dynamics of ammonia oxidizing bacteria in an agricultural soil

Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) control the rate limiting step of nitrification, the conversion of ammonia (NH₄⁺) to nitrite (NO₂⁻). The AOB therefore have an important role to play in regulating soil nitrogen cycling. Tillage aerates the soil, stimulating rapid changes in soil N cycling and microbial communities. Here we report results of a study of the short term responses of AOB and net nitrification to simulated tillage and NH₄⁺ addition to soil. The intensively farmed vegetable soils of the Salinas Valley, California, provide the context for this study. These soils are cultivated frequently, receive large N fertilizer inputs and there are regional concerns about groundwater N concentrations. An understanding of N dynamics in these systems is therefore important. AOB population sizes were quantified using a real-time PCR approach. In a 15 day experiment AOB populations, increased rapidly following tillage and NH₄⁺ addition and persisted after the depletion of soil NH₄⁺. AOB population sizes increased to a similar degree, over a 1.5-day period, irrespective of the amount of NH₄⁺ supplied. These data suggest selection of an AOB community in this intensively farmed and C-limited soil, that rapidly uses NH₄⁺ that becomes available. These data also suggest that mineralization may play an especially important role in regulating AOB populations where NH₄⁺ pool sizes are very low. Methodological considerations in the study of soil AOB communities are also discussed.     

The influence of soil properties on the structure of bacterial and fungal communities across land-use types

Land-use change can have significant impacts on soil conditions and microbial communities are likely to respond to these changes. However, such responses are poorly characterized as few studies have examined how specific changes in edaphic characteristics do, or do not, influence the composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities across land-use types. Soil samples were collected from four replicated (n = 3) land-use types (hardwood and pine forests, cultivated and livestock pasture lands) in the southeastern US to assess the effects of land-use change on microbial community structure and distribution. We used quantitative PCR to estimate bacterial–fungal ratios and clone libraries targeting small-subunit rRNA genes to independently characterize the bacterial and fungal communities. Although some soil properties (soil texture and nutrient status) did significantly differ across land-use types, other edaphic factors (e.g., pH) did not vary consistently with land-use. Bacterial–fungal ratios were not significantly different across the land-uses and distinct land-use types did not necessarily harbor distinct soil fungal or bacterial communities. Rather, the composition of bacterial and fungal communities was most strongly correlated with specific soil properties. Soil pH was the best predictor of bacterial community composition across this landscape while fungal community composition was most closely associated with changes in soil nutrient status. Together these results suggest that specific changes in edaphic properties, not necessarily land-use type itself, may best predict shifts in microbial community composition across a given landscape. In addition, our results demonstrate the utility of using sequence-based approaches to concurrently analyze bacterial and fungal communities as such analyses provide detailed phylogenetic information on individual communities and permit the robust assessment of the biogeographical patterns exhibited by soil microbial communities.     

坡面侵蚀土壤磁化率变化机理的研究

研究了土壤磁化率与土壤物理性质的关系,结果表明:应用干筛法在不同粒级土团中获得的0.1～0.25mm粒级的土团主导土壤的磁化率,各组分土团中大于0.1mm的组分磁化率与粒径呈反相关,小于0.1mm的组分磁化率与粒径呈正相关。土壤比重、土壤总孔隙度、崩解速率等均与土壤磁化率呈负相关,且土壤崩解速率与土壤磁化率呈极显著负相关;土壤磁化率与容重、粒径小于0.25mm的水稳性团粒组分和大于0.05mm的机械组分含量呈显著正相关。坡面土壤侵蚀导致坡面物质发生再分布,使得土壤颗粒组成、容重、比重、孔隙度等土壤物理性质发生变化,进而使得坡面不同空间部位土壤磁化率出现差异。     

浙鲜9号的航天选育与特征特性分析

为探究航天诱变对大豆主要农艺性状的影响,本研究比较了航天诱变选育新品种浙鲜9号与其亲本台湾75在生育期、产量、品质、抗病性等方面的差异。结果表明,浙鲜9号播种至采收生育期比亲本短2 d,株高矮7 cm,鲜百荚重高6.1 g,鲜百粒重低2.2 g,青荚色比亲本淡,两年区域试验平均鲜荚产量较亲本显著增加9.4%。浙鲜9号不仅保留了亲本口感甜糯的优良品质,而且对大豆花叶病毒病的抗性有大幅度提高。利用60对核心SSR引物对二者进行分析,在Satt184、Satt197、Sat_-213等10个标记间发现多态性位点,引物多态性率为16.7%,Sat_-213为大豆花叶病毒病抗性基因Rsc15相关分子标记,这从分子水平证实了浙鲜9号抗性的改良。采用100个SNP标记对二者进行分析,有5个SNP标记在二者之间存在差异。浙鲜9号与亲本主要特征特性和DNA分子标记的对比研究均充分证明了航天诱变育种的有效性和可靠性。     

基于染色体单片段代换系的水稻粒形QTL定位

水稻的粒形是影响水稻产量和品质的重要因子之一, 是由多基因控制的数量性状。染色体单片段代换系由于减少了个体间遗传背景的干扰, 已经成为鉴定复杂性状QTL的新型遗传材料。本研究以广陆矮4号为受体,日本晴为供体的119个染色体单片段代换系群体为试验材料,通过单因素方差分析和Dunnett’s多重比较,测验单片段代换系与受体亲本之间粒形的差异,鉴定了代换片段上粒形相关的QTL。以P≤0.001为阈值, 共检测到39个粒形相关的QTL。其中,粒长相关的19个,其加性效应值为0.18~1.06 mm,加性效应百分率为2.40%~14.13%;粒宽相关的14个,其加性效应值为0.09~0.31 mm,加性效应百分率为2.71%~9.15%;粒厚相关的6个,其加性效应值为0.05~0.10 mm,加性效应百分率为2.14%~4.46%。这些QTL的鉴定,为进一步精细定位并克隆相应QTL和高产、优质水稻新品种的分子标记辅助选择奠定了基础。     

寒地早粳稻秆部性状与产量关系的研究

针对寒地特殊的生态环境,以180份不同基因型早粳稻为材料,较系统地探讨了秆部性状与产量及产量构成因素之间的相互关系。研究表明:在节间长度配置上,在一定范围之内,控制倒3节间长度、增加倒1、倒2节间的长度有利于提高产量,并且对倒1、倒3节间长的选择是最为有效的。在节间粗度配置上,在保证倒1节间粗的基础上,增加其下部节间的粗度有利于高产。增加基因型的基部节间重、单位茎鞘长干重、单株干重是有利于高产的。适当增加株高和秆长来提高生物产量可能是今后水稻超高产育种的发展方向。在进行茎部性状综合评价时,基部节间重、倒2节间粗、单位秆长干重和穗颈节长4个因子就足以代表12个茎部性状的全部信息量。