青狮潭库区沉积物/稻田土壤中有机氯农药残留与释放规律

为了解青狮潭库区沉积物和土壤中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留及其释放特征,采用气相色谱法(GC-ECD)测定了青狮潭库区水库沉积物、池塘沉积物、河流沉积物和稻田土壤中OCPs含量,并运用室内模拟装置探讨了沉积物和稻田土壤在静置和悬浮两种情景下OCPs的释放规律。结果表明:水库沉积物、池塘沉积物、河流沉积物和稻田土壤中总OCPs残留量分别为81.55、88.60、68.96 ng·g~(-1)和92.62 ng·g~(-1)(干质量)。HCHs和DDTs是两类残留量较高的OCPs,其含量分别达到23.26～39.89 ng·g~(-1)和12.22～17.20 ng·g~(-1)。上覆水为超纯水时,静置组与扰动组的底物中OCPs向上覆水释放表现出先快后慢的特征,且扰动组的底物中OCPs释放量明显多于静置组;其中HCHs和β-硫丹的释放量最高。OCPs的理化性质、底物组成特征和外力扰动使各种OCPs在上覆水中的检出率和检出浓度存在明显差异,其中稻田土壤中OCPs向上覆水释放量最高而河流沉积物中OCPs向上覆水释放量最低。十二烷基硫酸钠可使底物中的OCPs快速向上覆水中释放(尤其促进了DDTs的释放),在扰动和静置情形下,上覆水OCPs浓度最少可提升134.44%和118.41%。因此,外界扰动和十二烷基硫酸钠汇入均可促进底物中OCPs的溶出释放。     

基于LUCC的生态服务价值变化研究

土地利用/覆盖变化(Land-Use and Land-Cover Change, LUCC)是影响土地生态系统服务价值的重要因素.该研究以三峡库区腹心地带的万州区1990,1995,2000,2005,2010和2015年6期TM影像为基础,通过图像解译,分析了万州区各地类变化,估算了研究期间各地类生态系统服务价值.结果表明, 1) 1990-2015年间,万州区耕地和草地面积分别减少了9 389.7 hm~2和3 695.85 hm~2;林地、水域和建设用地的面积分别增加了4 063.14,2 716.83和6 304.86 hm~2; 2) 1990-2015年万州区生态服务价值由18.82亿元增至19.41亿元,增加了3.10%;林地与万州区生态总价值呈相同的"上升—下降—上升—下降"趋势,耕地生态服务价值下降,草地先增后减,水域则相反; 3)万州区生态服务价值区域差异有统计学意义,空间上以长江为界呈现东多西少的分布格局; 4) 1990-2015年间,万州区各地类各年份生态系统服务价值敏感性指数均小于1,表明万州区生态服务价值对其系数缺乏弹性.     

Contamination history of suspended river sediments accumulated in oxbow lakes over the last 25 years

Background, aims, and scope  Embankment of meandering river systems in many industrial areas results in the formation of artificial oxbow lakes that may act as perennial or intermittent traps for river sediments. Their deposits can be dated using a combination of historical and stratigraphic data, providing a good means to study historical records of contamination transported by rivers. Contamination history over the last few decades is of special significance for Central and Eastern Europe as it can reflect high pollutant levels in the second half of the twentieth century and the subsequent improvement after the fall of the Iron Curtain. The purpose of this study was to investigate recent sediments of an oxbow lake of the Morava River, Czech Republic, their stratigraphic records, sediment architecture, and history of contamination. Materials and methods  Seven ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles and three sediment cores up to 4 m deep were studied. The stratigraphy of the cores was inferred from visible-light spectrophotometry, X-ray radiography, grain size analysis, and semiquantitative modal analysis of sandy fractions. The sediments were dated using the ¹³⁷Cs mass activity and combinations of stratigraphic and historical data. The cores were sampled for concentrations of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. Wet sampled, lyophilized, and sieved sediments were extracted and analyzed for heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of aqua regia leachate and for persistent organic pollutants by gas chromatography (GC-ECD and GC-MS). Results  Three distinct sedimentary sequences (S1, S2, and S3) were identified. The basal sequence S1 represents river channel sediments deposited before the formation of the oxbow lake, most likely before the 1930s. The boundary between the S1 and S2 sequence correlates with the level of sediment dredging from 1981 evidenced from historical data. The overlying sequences S2 and S3 represent a postdredging sediment wedge, which progrades into the lake. ¹³⁷Cs dating revealed a distinct Chernobyl 1986 peak at ∼150 cm depth inferring sedimentation rates up to 7.7 cm/year. Sediment contamination abruptly increased from the pre-1930s deposits to the post-1981 deposits. The concentration levels increased two to five times for Pb, As, Zn, and Cu, about 10 to 15 times for Cr, Sb, and Hg, up to 34 times for Cd, and 25 to 67 times for DDTs, PCBs, and PAHs. The concentrations of most contaminants remained approximately constant until the late 1980s when they started to decrease slowly. The decreasing trends were most prominent for heavy metals and anthracene, less prominent for DDTs, and almost absent for PCBs and most PAHs. Discussion  Different temporal and spatial patterns for various contaminants make it possible to distinguish between anthropogenic point sources from local industry (anthracene, Cr, Cd), possible diffuse sources (most PAHs), and geological background (V, Co, Ni, and Mo). The observed recent trends in heavy metal and persistent organic pollutant contamination are generally consistent with data from other Central European rivers. The roughly balanced contamination levels in sediments from the lake and the adjacent river channel suggest that the oxbow lake deposits reflect immediate levels of the contamination bound to suspended particulate matter passing through the river. Conclusions  The investigated oxbow lake accumulated suspended sediment from Morava River, developing a thick sedimentary body. The sediments offer a good time framework to study historical contamination of the river on a decade time scale. Continuous contamination trends can be traced back to the early 1980s. The results show that stratigraphic analysis of cores has a good potential for identification of uninterrupted historical trends and unconformities, e.g., due to dredging. Recommendations and perspectives  Oxbow lakes may provide an alternative to floodplains and reservoir deposits when studying river contamination history. High sedimentation rates of up to 7.7 cm/year offer a very good stratigraphic resolution, making it possible to study contamination patterns on annual or even seasonal time scales. On the other hand, oxbow lakes may represent long-term contamination stores, which are unlikely to be redistributed by river erosion and, hence, may possess significant environmental risks for the farther future.     

三峡库区"移土培肥"工程的水土流失问题浅析

三峡库区"移土培肥"工程在我国是一项全新的工程项目,对库区发展和耕地保护事业的开拓具有重要意义.介绍三峡库区"移土培肥"工程的背景和基本概况,详细论述工程的实施情况,并在此基础上对三峡库区"移土培肥"工程实施过程中可能产生的水土流失问题进行分析并提出相应的对策,对于防止三峡库区"移土培肥"工程的水土流失具有重要的参考价值和指导意义.     

三峡库区坡耕地土壤养分流失的实验研究

采用室内模拟降雨装置研究了三峡库区坡耕地土壤养分流失规律。无论是紫色土还是黄色石灰土,坡耕地表层土壤养分含量在人工降雨后发生衰减,并表现出随雨强增大,雨后表土各养分含量衰减幅度加大的趋势,但径流和流失泥沙的养分含量与雨强无关;径流中养分含量虽低于泥沙养分含量,但养分含量的差异主要体现在全量养分含量上,而速效养分含量的差异则相对较小。对三峡库区坡耕地土壤养分流失而言,紫色土坡耕地土壤养分流失主要以流失泥沙为载体,而黄色石灰土坡耕地土壤养分流失则由流失泥沙和径流共同携带。     

考虑径流非一致性的水库分期旱限水位优化研究

【目的】分析变化环境下水文序列的非一致性,为龙羊峡水库分期旱限水位优化调度模型的建立提供参考。【方法】采用Mann-Kendall检验法、有序聚类分析法和水文序列振动中心重构法,对龙羊峡水库年径流序列进行一致性分析及修正,然后利用水库旱限水位分级和Fisher最优分割法,对径流序列修正前后不同干旱等级下的水库分期旱限水位进行确定,最后通过耦合分期旱限水位建立以缺水指数最小为目标函数的龙羊峡水库优化调度模型,对径流序列修正前后两种情况下的分期旱限水位进行对比研究。【结果】一致性检验发现,龙羊峡水库径流序列具有明显下降的趋势,并在1989年发生突变。经一致性修正后计算龙羊峡水库7-10月、11-12月、1-4月、5-6月4个分期的旱限水位,在轻旱条件下分别为2 530.00,2 534.91,2 539.10和2 535.13 m,中旱条件下分别为2 530.00,2 535.44,2 539.80和2 536.70 m,重旱条件下分别为2 530.00,2 535.87,2 540.35和2 537.89 m;特旱条件下分别为2 530.00,2 536.06,2 540.58和2 538.12 m。采用不同调度模型对龙羊峡水库进行优化调度,结果显示修正后的调度效果较好,其总缺水量、缺水指数相比修正前分别降低5.37%和6.03%,其中枯水时段平均缺水量降低了10.71%,缺水程度改善明显。【结论】非一致性径流对龙羊峡水库旱限水位的确定有一定影响,一致性修正后的径流使水库旱限水位的确定更加可靠,水库的抗旱能力得以提升,可为水库供水、抗旱应急管理决策提供参考。     

Characterization of widespread canine leishmaniasis among wild carnivores from Spain

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is an emerging zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infantum in Mediterranean countries, with sand flies (Phlebotomus spp.) as vectors and dogs as the main domestic reservoir. The role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis is still controversial. In order to determine the prevalence of natural infection with L. infantum in wild carnivores from Spain, we analyzed 217 samples by PCR and western blotting and used restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) to compare the patterns present in wild carnivores with those of domestic dogs from the same areas. DNA of the parasite was detected in spleen or blood samples from 35 (16.12%) analyzed wild carnivores, including 8 of 39 (20.5%) wolves (Canis lupus), 23 of 162 (14.1%) foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 2 of 7 (28.6%) Egyptian mongooses (Herpestes ichneumon), 1 of 4 genets (Geneta geneta), and 1 of 4 Iberian lynxes (Lynx pardinus). No significant sex or age differences in prevalence were observed in wolves and foxes (P>0.05), but there was a significant difference among regions in foxes (P<0.05). A total of 12 PCR-RFLP patterns were found in foxes, 6 in wolves, 4 in dogs, 2 in Egyptian mongooses and 1 in lynx and genet. RFLP patterns differed between dogs and foxes in the two areas where they could be compared. This is the first study of canine leishmaniasis in wild canids and other carnivores from different regions of Spain by PCR. The prevalence of infection indicates the existence of natural infection in apparently healthy wild carnivore populations, and our results are suggestive of a sylvatic cycle independent of dogs.     

信阳市南湾水库库区森林植被调查分析

信阳市南湾水库库区森林植被南湾水库库区的水资源涵养和水土保持具有重要的作用。本文对水库加区的森林植被的环境,资源状况,类型进行了调查分析,并提出了保护管理的建议。     

分水江水库鱼类群落结构多样性研究

2008年11月至2009年10月对分水江水库鱼类资源进行了调查,共调查8船次,统计渔获物142.48kg,测量鱼类标本1304尾,经鉴定共发现鱼类36种,隶属5目、8科、31属;其中,鲤形目26种,占总数的72.2%;鲈形目和鲶形目各4种,分别占总数的11.1%;鳗鲡目和合鳃目各1种,分别占总数的2.8%。群落优势度分析发现,优势种有5种,优势度变化范围0.38～0.61。多样性指数分析表明,鱼类种群丰富度指数（D）值为1.14～5.42,Shannon-Wiener多样度指数（H＇）为0.69～2.60,种类均匀度指数（J＇）为0.31～1.21。鱼类群落的季节差异性较高,种类变化波动以夏季最大。     

辽宁省葠窝水库水质现状与渔业性能评价

近年来,葠窝水库流域综合管理提高了水库水质状况,为了给下一步的渔业生产提供科学依据,在2008-2009年对葠窝水库6个代表性断面进行了4次采样调查和实验室分析,并采用水质综合评价方法对葠窝水库水质进行评价。检测结果表明水质状况总体有所好转,主要污染物为非离子氨和重金属铜,其他指标正常。采用流域综合水质指数法对水库总体...