Improving effectiveness of protection efforts in tiger source sites: Developing a framework for law enforcement monitoring using MIST

Wild tigers are in a critical state with an estimated population decline of more than 95% over the past century. Improving the capacity and effectiveness of law enforcement in reducing poaching of tigers is an immediate priority to secure remaining wild populations in source sites. From 2008–2010, standardized patrol-based law enforcement monitoring (LEM) was established under the Tigers Forever Program across 8 key tiger sites in order to improve and evaluate law enforcement interventions. Patrol-based monitoring has the distinct advantage of providing regular and rapid information on illegal activities and ranger performance, although, until recently, it has received relatively little scrutiny from the conservation community. The present paper outlines a framework for implementation of LEM in tiger source sites using MIST, a computerized management information system for ranger-based data collection. The framework addresses many of the technical, practical and institutional challenges involved in the design, implementation, sustainability and evaluation of LEM. Adoption of such a framework for LEM is a cost-effective strategy to improve the efficiency of law enforcement efforts, to increase the motivation of enforcement staff and to promote the accountability of law enforcement agencies in addressing threats to tigers. When combined with independent, systematic and science-based monitoring of tigers and their prey, LEM has great potential for evaluating the effectiveness of protection-based conservation investments.     

青海省冬虫夏草采挖区与非采挖区土壤生态化学计量特征

为研究冬虫夏草采挖区与非采挖区的土壤生态化学计量学特征,本研究以青海省7个地区冬虫夏草生长地土壤样本为试验材料,分别采用重铬酸钾-外加热法、凯氏定氮法、碱熔法、碳酸氢钠浸提-比色法、酸溶法、1 mol·L^-1乙酸铵浸提-火焰光度计法、碱解-扩散法、邻菲啰啉比色法、火焰原子吸收分光光度法对土壤样本的养分与理化指标进行了测定,并对其化学计量特征进行了分析。结果表明,除XH(青海省海南藏族自治州兴海县)地区采挖区与非采挖区在全氮含量上存在显著性差异(P<0.05),其他各地区采挖区与非采挖区在土壤各指标含量上均无显著性差异,不同地区采挖区与非采挖区C∶N的范围是18.24~32.79,C∶P是155.53~562.78,N∶P是4.85~24.00,C∶K是4.51~11.52,K∶N是2.55~7.17,K∶P是31.44~81.86;采挖区与非采挖区的C∶P与N∶P之间均具有极显著相关性(P<0.01)。因此,本研究发现采挖冬虫夏草对其生长环境的土壤化学性质无显著性影响,为冬虫夏草采挖对生态环境的影响评估提供数据支撑。     

浙南山区杨梅大棚促早栽培技术研究

本研究选择‘东魁’杨梅为试验材料,以露地栽培为对照,研究大棚设施促早栽培对‘东魁’杨梅的物候期、产量、品质、效益的影响效应。经过3年的试验,通过对‘东魁’杨梅物候期的记载,产量、效益的统计,单果质量、可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸、钾含量、Vc含量等质量指标的检测,综合分析结果表明,东魁杨梅大棚栽培促早、提质、增效效果显著。本研究对优化和推广杨梅大棚促早栽培技术具有重要意义,对山区农民增收提供示范案例。     

南方山区草地资源的类型及开发利用途径

根据生态学的基本原理，对我国南方山区草地资源的特点进行了分析，从生态学类型上对该地区草地进行了划分，进而提出了南方山区草地开发利用的途径。     

关于欠发达地区农业发展的几点思考

欠发达地区的农业发展受到地理区位、自然资源禀赋、产业基础条件、劳动力素质、制度创新、公共品供应等问题的强力约束而举步维艰。随着欠发达地区新农村建设的启动和不断推进,如何利用这一过程中产生的各种条件解决问题化解矛盾,促进农牧业经济获得快速高效发展,是个值得深究的问题。本文从以上几个方面入手,提出针对性的几点建议。     

非农就业质量如何影响山区农户土地转出稳定性——基于浙江省4县480户农户的观察

为厘清非农就业质量对山区农户土地转出稳定性的影响机制,基于2021年浙江省山区4县480户农户调查数据,采取OLS、Heckman两阶段以及2SLS等模型开展实证研究,同时采取Probit模型检验作用机制并结合案例加以佐证。结果表明：1）非农就业质量的改善激励山区农户提高土地转出的稳定性。2）非农就业质量显著影响老一代农户和“体制外”农户土地转出的稳定性,但是对新生代农户和“体制内”农户的影响不显著,同时,非农就业质量对土地转出稳定性的影响并不因为就业距离的远近而产生差异;3）非农就业质量影响土地转出稳定性的作用机制在于强化农户的城市融入意愿、弱化农户对地租的偏好以及弱化土地的社会保障功能。相关政策需要致力于提升山区农户的非农就业质量,提升和完善非农就业的稳定性、收入和保障制度。     

国际有机农业运动的发展历程对中国有机产业的启示

为深入探讨国际有机农业和中国有机产业的发展历程,以其整体发展情况为研究对象,利用对比研究法和经验总结法,对国际有机农业和中国有机产业的发展历程进行了回溯和对比。结果表明：1）20世纪初,科学和技术的发展推动了现代农业的发展进展。在整体论和还原论这2种不同观点指导下,现代农业分化成有机农业和常规农业2大体系,两者既矛盾又统一;2）国际有机农业理念多样,经历了起源、发展壮大和迈向主流化等3个发展阶段,分别称为有机1.0、2.0和3.0阶段。3）20世纪90年代,有机农业主要以农产品认证的形式正式被引入国内,国内对其理念、政策、人才和技术尚未成体系。因此,中国有机产业虽然市场发展快速,但是面临生产端需要更高质量发展的境况;4）基于还原论的常规农业是机械唯物主义在农业领域的表现,与以辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义为指导的中国特色的社会主义农业农村现代化终将存在分歧。中国农业现代化不能只是侧重常规农业,更必须发展以整体论为指导的有机农业。总之,有机产业在中国取得了优异的成果,同时也正面临巨大挑战。在新常态下,中国有机产业应着力建立起全面的科学哲学、科学与技术以及产业与实践体系,以满足消费者对有机理念到产品与服务的多维度需求。     

Impacts of lost fishing gear on coral reef sessile invertebrates in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

The Florida Keys coral reef ecosystem supports multimillion-dollar commercial and recreational fisheries. The ecological effects caused by fishing gear that is lost when cut or broken after snagging on the bottom is a growing concern to managers and scientists. Few data exist, however, to assess the impacts of lost fishing gear to benthic organisms and habitat structure. In this study, 63 offshore coral reef and hard-bottom sites were surveyed during 2001 to quantify the impacts of lost fishing gear to coral reef sessile invertebrates. Lost hook-and-line fishing gear accounted for 87% of all debris (N=298 incidences) encountered and was responsible for 84% of the 321 documented impacts to sponges and benthic cnidarians, predominantly consisting of tissue abrasion causing partial individual or colony mortality. Branching gorgonians (Octocorallia) were the most frequently affected (56%), followed by milleporid hydrocorals (19%) and sponges (13%). Factors affecting the impacts of lost fishing gear include sessile invertebrate density, the density of lost fishing gear, and gear length. While lost hook-and-line fishing gear is ubiquitous in the Florida Keys, less than 0.2% of the available milleporid hydrocorals, stony corals, and gorgonians in the habitats studied are adversely affected in terms of colony abrasions and partial mortality.     

农村科技需求的情报调研分析

本文针对农村科技需求进行了问卷调查。结果表明，农民对新技术需求最为强烈是良种、新的种植、养殖技术和防病防疫技术。最信赖的农技服务组织是政府的农技推广站。     

少数民族连片特困地区农户多维贫困测度及影响因素分析

构建了包含思想观念、普通话水平等内容的农户多维贫困指标体系,基于2017年微观调查数据,利用A-F方法测度了南疆三地州连片特困地区农户多维贫困状况,并进一步从家庭特征、村庄特征和县域特征方面系统地探究农户多维贫困的影响因素。结果表明:该地区农户贫困多元化特征显著,多维贫困发生率较高,从维度分解看,思想观念、普通话水平和收入对多维贫困的贡献最大。对农户家庭劳动力开展职业技能培训、改善农户生产生活自然条件、村文化基础设施建设、提高教育基础设施可达性、通村公路建设和增加县公共财政投入可以显著降低农户陷入多维贫困的可能性。