渤海辽宁海湾地化环境与资源开发问题探讨

以１９８９－１９９０年海湾志调查的实测资料为基，研究了营城子湾、金州湾、普兰店湾、董家口湾、葫芦山湾、太平湾７个海湾的化学要素含量及分布。通过对海湾环境质量评价得出；目前已遭受磷酸盐重金属及硫化物的不同程度的污染，且诸化学要素都是在潮流水动力支配下产生迁移和扩散。最后得出营城子等诸湾地化环境现状，提出各海湾资源开发与养殖关系的几点认识。     

渤海湾地区‘大果水晶梨’黑星病的发生与防治

自从‘大果水晶梨’引入渤海湾地区以后,梨黑星病的发生越来越严重。经过近10年的调查,总结分析该地区‘大果水晶梨’黑星病的为害症状、传播途径、发病关键期和防治要点,推动该地区‘大果水晶梨’黑星病的综合防治研究和抗病育种工作。     

太子湾公园的植物景观与空间分析

通过对太子湾公园的植物景观与空间分析,明确植物配置的重要性,尤其是林冠线及天际线的处理、河岸边缘的柔化等;同时分析太子湾公园的空间格局,提出植物景观的改造措施及相应的对策。     

Crosses between two subspecies of bay scallop Argopecten irradians and heterosis for yield traits at harvest

In order to improve the yield of bay scallop Argopecten irradians by exploiting geographic subspecies heterosis, crosses between and within two subspecies, the northern A. i. irradians (Lamarck) and the southern A. i. concentricus (Say), were created and the offspring were cultured under the same environmental conditions. The two parental populations were collected from Bohai Bay in northern China and Beibu Bay in southern China, which were distinct in particular shell colours. The results indicated that the shell colour of bay scallop was inheritable and could be used as a morphological mark to distinguish hybrid and purebred individuals. At harvest, hybrid offspring always produced a significantly higher yield than purebred offspring. Positive heterosis was achieved for shell length, shell height, shell width, total weight and adductor weight, which was 5.02, 5.22, 3.88, 7.53 and 9.47 respectively. Hybrid gain was 10.86% for shell length, 10.48% for shell height, 9.77% for shell width, 34.90% for total weight and 41.69% for adductor weight, respectively, and all were significantly >5%. The present study reveals that it is effective for improving yield by hybridization between different geographic subspecies in the bay scallop.     

象山港三种不同养殖方式对浮游动物群落的影响

为探究不同营养类型养殖方式对半封闭海湾浮游生态系统的影响,于2015年在象山港的鱼类网箱养殖、牡蛎筏式养殖和海带筏式养殖3种养殖区内外分别进行大、中型和中、小型浮游动物群落及相关环境因子的四季研究。结果显示,牡蛎养殖区内大、中型浮游动物群落结构变化明显,夏、秋季优势种太平洋纺锤水蚤的优势度下降,冬季优势种腹针胸刺水蚤的优势度上升;网箱养殖区内浮游动物群落变化不明显,变化主要为大、中型浮游动物优势种,春、冬季腹针胸刺水蚤的优势度下降,秋季优势种种类组成变化明显;海带养殖区内浮游动物群落和优势种变化均不明显。此外,3种养殖方式对浮游动物的生物量、丰度和α多样性均未产生明显影响。结合象山港的水文特征和养殖区内外的环境因子,研究表明,牡蛎养殖区浮游动物群落变化是牡蛎滤食行为和铁港水交换能力差的综合结果,而浮游动物优势种变化可能与水体总磷含量较高有关;因目前网箱养殖规模小且西沪港水动力条件较好,网箱区内局部环境和浮游动物的变化较小;海带养殖因面积小且仅春、冬季养殖,不足以对水质和浮游动物产生影响。此外,本研究显示不同环境中,大、中型浮游动物群落结构的变异较中、小型浮游动物明显,这可能与中、小型浮游动物群落的稳定性较高有关。     

Selection of a new scallop strain,QN‐2, from the backcross of Peruvian scallop × bay scallop F1 hybrids with bay scallops

Cross‐breeding has been successfully applied in agriculture and aquaculture industries to improve important production traits. In our previous studies, we produced the F₁ hybrids with high heterosis in growth by crossing the bay scallops with the Peruvian scallops and selected a new strain, Bohai Red, from the F₁ hybrids. In this study, we selected another new strain from the backcross (BC₁) of the F₁ hybrids with bay scallops. The base cohort (G₀) was size‐selected from the BC₁, and the G₁, G₂, G₃ and G₄ cohorts were produced with size‐selected brood stocks from the G₀, G₁, G₂ and G₃ cohorts respectively. Our results showed that average shell height, shell length, shell width and whole body weight of the G₄ cohort were increased by 16.8%, 16.8%, 11.5% and 43.6%, respectively, compared with the unselected control group of bay scallop. This new strain has now become one of the major cultured Argopecten scallops in northern China waters and was later named QN‐2.     

桑沟湾水域叶绿素a在海带收获前后的变化及其影响因素

依据2014年5月和8月2个航次走航和定点连续调查资料,分析了桑沟湾水域叶绿素a的空间分布及海带养殖区叶绿素a(Chl.a)的昼夜变化特征,同时结合所调查的温度、盐度 、pH和营养盐等分布特征,分析了桑沟湾水域Chl.a浓度与理化因子的关系,探讨了海带收获前后Chl.a的变化及其影响因素。(1)走航调查的结果显示,桑沟湾夏季Chl.a浓度显著高于春季。桑沟湾春季表、底层总Chl.a浓度均值分别为(0.67±0.39)和(0.50±0.31)μg/L,表层Chl.a浓度高于底层,春季表层整体表现出自湾内向湾外逐渐降低的趋势;夏季表、底层总Chl.a浓度均值分别为(3.39±1.53)和(3.12±1.43)μg/L,表层Chl.a浓度高于底层。桑沟湾夏季表层Chl.a高值区出现在海带养殖区,低值区出现在贝类养殖区,夏季底层Chl.a高值区出现在贝类和海带养殖区,低值区出现在外海区。(2)定点连续监测结果显示,春季海带养殖区Chl.a浓度变化范围在0.24~0.95 μg/L,均值为(0.70±0.19)μg/L,昼夜波动较小。而夏季海带养殖区Chl.a浓度变化范围在2.01~4.66 μg/L,均值为(3.04±0.82)μg/L,昼夜波动较大。桑沟湾海带养殖区夏季Chl.a浓度显著高于春季。春季海带养殖区营养盐平均浓度及硅磷比、氮磷、硅氮比均显著低于夏季。(3)桑沟湾春季表层Chl.a浓度主要与温度、硅酸盐呈显著正相关,而夏季底层Chl.a浓度与盐度呈显著正相关。桑沟湾海带收获前后Chl.a的变化及分布受温度、硅酸盐、盐度、养殖环境状况和水文环境的共同影响,多元的贝藻养殖模式是影响Chl.a变化及分布的重要因素。     

大连湾海域水质状况及污染趋势分析

选用2011年大连湾附近海域的监测数据,分别采用不同的评价方法对大连湾海域的水质现状加以评价。并依据2007—2011年该海域连续五年的监测数据,对其污染趋势加以分析。结果表明:大连湾海域内主要污染物为无机氮,湾内各监测点均处于富营养化状态,受有机物污染严重。陆源排污是该海域受到严重污染的主要原因。五年来除无机磷外其余各因子均有不同程度的污染加重的趋势,其中以石油类的加重趋势最为显著。     

三亚湾滨海景观浅析

三亚湾滨海景观以海洋、沙滩、热带植物为主要景观元素。分为海上景观、海岸线景观、植被景观、滨海酒店景观以及滨海广场景观五种类型。景观设计独具特色。     

水东湾网箱养殖区水域环境状况评价

通过对5次采集的茂名市水东湾网箱养殖区水样进行有关项目的测定进行评价,结果表明,水东湾网箱养殖区水域的海洋环境尚可,但是局部海域和个别的环境污染因子超标严重,水东湾网箱养殖区水域的部分水质指标超出了水质标准,未达到养殖区的水质要求,养殖环境受到了一定程度的威胁。根据测定分析结果,提出了促进水东湾网箱养殖区可持续发展的建议,对我国南海相邻区域也有一定的借鉴作用。