温棚保温、亲本规格对克氏原螯虾苗繁育效果的影响

采用单因素对照、对比试验方法,开展温棚保温以及大、中、小不同亲本规格对克氏原螯虾苗种规格、育苗量等繁育指标的影响.试验结果表明,每年冬季最冷时节(12月下旬至翌年1月中旬),温棚内池平均水温较室外池高3.44℃,且温棚内池水温皆在5℃以上;温棚内池平均育苗量与室外池差异不显著(P>0.05),而培育的虾苗体质量为室外池...     

Lack of acute toxicity of an anthraquinone bird repellent to non-target crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) associated with rice-crayfish crop rotations

Aeroz™ (9,10-anthraquinone (AQ)), a chemical rice seed treatment that effectively deters birds from depredating newly planted fields, could be an important management tool that enables rice producers to plant earlier in the season and increase yields. This bird repellent, while non-lethal to birds, has unknown toxicity to crayfish that often are closely integrated with rice production in southern regions of the USA. This study was conducted to assess if AQ, the active ingredient in Aeroz™, could be acutely toxic to the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard), the crayfish species most often associated with rice cultivation, via seed ingestion and/or through their contact with chemical in pond water. Mortality data from a 96 h feeding study indicate that AQ-treated (1.76% by wt) rice seed was not acutely toxic to juvenile (∼3 mo.) crayfish through the ingestion exposure route. In addition, a 96 h aquatic acute toxicity test showed that the LC₅₀ of AQ in juvenile crayfish is >85 μg L⁻¹ and above the water solubility limit of AQ. These results indicate that very minimal, if any, acute toxicity would be observed in juvenile crayfish if exposed to AQ via ingestion or dissolved or suspended in the water column.     

克氏原螯虾AFLP反应体系的建立

以克氏原螯虾DNA为材料,对AFLP分析中的基因组酶切时间、选择性扩增中预扩增产物稀释倍数、Mg~(2+)浓度等3个因素进行了比较.结果表明,基因组用EcoR I和MseI双酶切5h,选择性扩增的PCR反应体系中Mg~(2+)1.5 mmol/L是进行克氏原螯虾AFLP分析的最佳反应条件,能够得到丰富稳定的带纹.而预扩增产物稀释倍数对选择性扩增没有明显影响.该体系的构建为AFLP技术在克氏原螯虾相关研究中的应用奠定了基础.     

全价配合饲料条件下克氏原螯虾幼体及成体消化酶的活力研究

[目的]探讨全价配合饲料条件下克氏原螯虾幼体及成体消化酶的活性。[方法]取克氏原螯虾幼体全消化道组织,成体胃、肠组织,对克氏原螯虾蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶等消化酶活性进行测定。[结果]克氏原螯虾幼体的淀粉酶活性较高,胃蛋白酶活性较低;纤维素酶和脂肪酶活性相差不大,且活性均小于淀粉酶活性。成体的胃和肠中蛋白酶及淀粉酶比活力均较高,而纤维素酶和脂肪酶的比活力较低,且蛋白酶比活力为胃大于肠,淀粉酶比活力为肠略大于胃,纤维素酶和脂肪酶比活力在胃和肠中无明显差异。[结论]该研究为克氏原螯虾的水产养殖中专用饲料的开发提供了参考资料。     

Tropomyosin基因在克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)卵巢发育过程中的表达

原肌球蛋白Tropomyosin是虾蟹类的主要致敏物质,除此以外在其他方面功能的研究非常少。本研究克隆了克氏原螯虾Tropomyosin基因,进行了同源序列比对,并分析了Tropomyosin基因在克氏原螯虾卵巢发育过程中的转录水平表达模式。研究结果显示,Tropomyosin蛋白序列高度保守,在虾蟹类甲壳动物中,8个抗原决定簇序列几乎完全一致。本研究克隆的基因存在3个核苷酸位置(c61—t,g118—a,c359—t)的变化,但是均不处于抗原决定簇内,免疫原性不受影响。Tropomyosin基因mR NA在克氏原螯虾卵巢组织中表达量很低,但是随着卵巢的发育存在表达差异,即呈现一个先提高再降低的峰型特征。本研究暗示Tropomyosin除过敏原特性外,可能也受性腺发育的部分调控影响。     

养殖密度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长、消化酶活力和生理生化指标的影响

以体质量(0.015±0.004)g克氏原螯虾幼虾为研究对象,研究了50、100、300、600、900尾/m25种养殖密度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长、消化酶活力和生理生化指标的影响,实验周期为30 d。结果显示,克氏原螯虾幼虾的终末体质量随着养殖密度的增大而减小。胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力随着养殖密度的增大表现出减小趋势,纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力在5种养殖密度下变化规律不显著(P>0.05)。克氏原螯虾幼虾体内水分含量在5种养殖密度下差异较小(P>0.05);粗蛋白含量随养殖密度的升高呈增高趋势,由54.02%增高至60.75%(P<0.05);粗脂肪含量不断减少(P<0.05),由26.19%减少至19.19%(P<0.05)。随着养殖密度的增大,克氏原螯虾幼虾肌肉葡萄糖的含量呈下降趋势(P<0.05),甘油三酯、总蛋白、尿素氮和胆固醇含量呈不断增多趋势(P<0.05)。克氏原螯虾幼虾肝胰腺葡萄糖、甘油三酯、总蛋白和尿素氮含量随着养殖密度的增大呈不断增多趋势。结果表明,高密度养殖对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长和消化酶活力具有一定负面影响,体内蛋白、脂肪、葡萄糖和尿素氮等物质的含量也随着养殖密度的增大而发生变化。     

雌性克氏原螯虾性腺发育及相关系数的周年动态研究

建立了克氏原螯虾(Procam barus clarkii)生殖群体的平均体长、体重、性腺重及肝脏重的周年统计值,并利用怀卵量、抱卵量、相对繁殖力等生态学参数建立性腺发育数学模型。结果显示:雌性螯虾初始怀卵和抱卵的理论体长分别为5.6 cm和5.8 cm,理论最大怀卵量和抱卵量分别为1963粒和1136粒;通过模拟Logistic曲线,得到怀卵量随体重增长的3个关键点即始盛期、高峰期和盛末期,分别为16.87 g、36.53 g和56.18 g;雌性克氏原螯虾理论最大相对繁殖力的体长为9.22 cm,最大值为19.78粒/g;其理论最大体长为15.01 cm且当体长小于3.43 cm时性腺尚未发育。另外,本研究还分析了克氏原螯虾产卵群体的性成熟时间与结构。     

Effects of Harvest Period on the Production of White River Crayfish,Procambarus acutus acutus

Abstract

Crayfish harvest was initiated at a cool water temperature (15°C) and warm water temperature (20°C) from culture ponds (0.1 ha) with a resident population of white river crayfish, Procambarus acutus acutus.Crayfish were harvested for 24 days for a total of 1,977 trap-days/ha (March 9-May 12, 2000 from the cool-harvest treatment and May 5-June 15, 2000 from the warm-harvest treatment). The mean total length (TL) and production of harvested white river crayfish (WRC) was similar between treatments. The population structures of WRC from the cool and warm periods of harvest were substantially different; large WRC (≤100 mm TL) from the cool-harvest period were 3.1 times more abundant than large WRC during the warm-harvest period. A similar number of small WRC were harvested from the two treatments; however, those small WRC harvested during the warm period was significantly longer than the small WRC during the cool-harvest period. The estimated large WRC biomass contribution to the total harvest from the cool-harvest period was 37% in comparison to 15% during the warm-harvest period. The estimated dollar value of the production during the cool-harvest period was 40% more than that from the warm-harvest period.     

不同地区克氏原螯虾遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用AFLP分子标记技术对中国随州、济南、宁波和常熟4个地区克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)野生群体的遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明,5对选择性引物在4个群体120个个体中,共扩增出276个位点,多态位点241个;4个群体的杂合度分别为0.200 9、0.200 9、0.228 2、0.143 7,Shannon’s指数分别为0.292 9、0.292 9、0.339 9、0.213 9,可见4个克氏原螯虾群体均具有丰富的遗传多样性。分子变异分析结果显示,39.76%的遗传变异由群体间贡献,60.24%的变异分布于群体内个体之间,遗传分化指数FST=0.397 65(P<0.01),说明4个群体存在较明显的遗传分化。利用MEGA3.0软件构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示随州、济南群体差异小,可聚为一类,宁波、常熟群体各为一类。     

Dietary calcium requirement of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia)

To investigate dietary calcium requirement of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia), six semi‐purified diets were formulated to contain different concentrations of calcium (2.7(control group), 6.1, 11.9, 17.6, 23.5 and 29.1 g/kg calcium). Each diet was hand‐fed to triplicate of 15 crayfish with average initial body weight (6.22 ± 0.87) g for 8 weeks. The results showed that weight gain rate (WGR) significantly increased and feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly decreased from 11.9 to 23.5 g/kg groups (p < .05). Protease activities in intestine and hepatopancreas and parathyroid hormone concentrations in serum significantly decreased with increasing dietary calcium levels (p < .05), while calcium and phosphorus contents in exoskeleton, calcium content in muscle and calcitonin concentrations in serum significantly increased (p < .05). The activities of lipase and amylase in intestine and hepatopancreas, serum alkaline phosphatase and total vitamin D concentrations in serum had significant increase as dietary calcium content increased up to 11.9–17.6 g/kg (p < .05). The inorganic phosphorus content in 29.1 g/kg group was significantly lower than those in other groups (p < .05). Broken‐line model analysis based on WGR and quadratic curve model analysis based on FCR showed that optimal dietary calcium requirement of red swamp crayfish ranged from 12.7 to 17.1 g/kg.