Enhancement of Xanthophyll Synthesis in Porphyra/Pyropia Species (Rhodophyta,Bangiales) by Controlled Abiotic Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Red alga species belonging to the Porphyra and Pyropia genera (commonly known as Nori), which are widely consumed and commercialized due to their high nutritional value. These species have a carotenoid profile dominated by xanthophylls, mostly lutein and zeaxanthin, which have relevant benefits for human health. The effects of different abiotic factors on xanthophyll synthesis in these species have been scarcely studied, despite their health benefits. The objectives of this study were (i) to identify the abiotic factors that enhance the synthesis of xanthophylls in Porphyra/Pyropia species by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the xanthophyll content found in the literature, and (ii) to recommend a culture method that would allow a significant accumulation of these compounds in the biomass of these species. The results show that salinity significantly affected the content of total carotenoids and led to higher values under hypersaline conditions (70,247.91 µg/g dm at 55 psu). For lutein and zeaxanthin, the wavelength treatment caused significant differences between the basal and maximum content (4.16–23.47 µg/g dm). Additionally, in Pyropia spp., the total carotenoids were considerably higher than in Porphyra spp.; however, the lutein and zeaxanthin contents were lower. We discuss the specific conditions for each treatment and the relation to the ecological distribution of these species.     

条斑紫菜Rab1基因的克隆与生物信息学分析

Rab蛋白是小分子量GTP结合蛋白家族中的成员之一,它与植物抗逆性密切相关。以拟南芥Rab基因序列为探针,通过筛选条斑紫菜EST数据库中的同源序列,拼接出了其Rab1基因的含有完整开放阅读框(ORF)的cD-NA序列。根据拼接的序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR成功克隆了条斑紫菜Rab1基因的cDNA。T-A克隆后测序结果显示其cDNA含有长615bp的完整ORF,编码产物含203个氨基酸残基,分子量为22.5kDa。条斑紫菜Rab1与拟南芥Rab1聚为一类,它与多种生物的Rab1具有较高的序列一致性。     

ICP-OES法测定坛紫菜中重金属元素

为探索一种坛紫菜Porphyra haitanensis重金属元素的快速检测的新方法,建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-OES）方法测定坛紫菜中砷、镉、铬、汞、铅和锌等6种重金属元素质量分数。测试样品分别取自坛紫菜主要产地江苏启东,浙江象山和福建福鼎,采用两步消解法处理样本,先加入消解剂常温静置消化,后三梯度变温（100 ℃,180 ℃,100 ℃）微波消解。样品定量采用标准曲线法,消解剂作空白排除测定干扰。本法测定元素相对标准偏差为0.35% ～ 5.14%,砷元素加标回收率为95.8% ～ 105.3%,镉为89.0% ～ 98.0%,铬为93.0% ~ 103.2%,汞为90.5% ～ 96.0%,铅为86.5% ～ 107.5%,锌为94.7% ～ 98.4%。研究中发现,江苏启东样品中镉质量分数为0.57 mg·kg^－1,铅为2.15 mg·kg^－1;浙江象山样品中汞为1.54 mg·kg^－1;福建福鼎样品锌为161.12 mg·kg^－1,均出现不同程度的重金属超标现象。表3参10     

鲜冻与酸处理对坛紫菜和浒苔苗存活的影响

采用直接鲜冻和酸处理的方法分别对不同大小的坛紫菜和浒苔藻体进行了处理,旨在建立一种可以有效杀死浒苔而保留坛紫菜的简便方法。实验结果表明:体长为1～2 cm的坛紫菜和浒苔幼苗不经干燥直接鲜冻5 d,坛紫菜苗的细胞成活率达到90%左右,而浒苔只有50%,恢复培养30 d,坛紫菜苗生长良好,只有梢部的少量细胞死亡,而浒苔苗则大部分变黄死亡。用pH为2.0的柠檬酸溶液处理体长为5 cm左右的中苗3 min,坛紫菜的细胞成活率仍高达90.9%,但浒苔的细胞成活率只有58.5%,恢复培养30 d,浒苔的生长受到明显抑制,坛紫菜的生长则基本未受影响;用pH为2.3的盐酸溶液处理长度为5 cm的坛紫菜苗,效果更好,处理1 min的坛紫菜细胞存活率高达97%,而浒苔的细胞成活率则低于20%,恢复培养一段时间,浒苔苗全部死亡,而坛紫菜经盐酸溶液处理1 min、3 min和5 min后的叶状体,仍然正常生长,长度明显增加。依据上述研究结果,如果在海上栽培的坛紫菜网帘上出现大量浒苔附生,在紫菜幼苗期(体长1～2 cm)采用直接鲜冻,中苗期(体长5 cm左右)采用盐酸溶液处理,基本可以达到清除浒苔,确保坛紫菜正常生长的目的。研究亮点:...     

条斑紫菜R-藻红蛋白酶解物的制备及其抗氧化和肿瘤细胞增殖抑制活性

【目的】研究木瓜蛋白酶对条斑紫菜R-藻红蛋白的抗氧化性和肿瘤增殖抑制活性的影响。【方法】采用超声波破壁法提取条斑紫菜R-藻红蛋白,用DEAE柱层析法纯化后进行木瓜蛋白酶酶解,通过正交试验设计,以还原力A700为考察指标确定酶解反应的最佳工艺参数,进一步测定获得的R-藻红蛋白及其酶解物的还原力、清除羟自由基能力和对人肉瘤细胞U2O及人肝癌细胞HepG-2的肿瘤增殖抑制活性。【结果】R-藻红蛋白的最佳酶解工艺条件为：木瓜蛋白酶添加量25 000 U•g-1,pH 7.0,温度50℃,酶解时间4 h。在此条件下,R-藻红蛋白酶解物还原力为0.573,较未酶解的R-藻红蛋白提高了2.35倍;清除羟自由基能力为51.03%,较未酶解的R-藻红蛋白活性提高了3.22倍。随着浓度的增加,R-藻红蛋白及其酶解物对人肉瘤细胞U2O和人肝癌细胞HepG-2抑制生长作用增强。R-藻红蛋白对人肉瘤细胞U2O抑制作用的IC50值为2 431.32 μg•mL-1,其酶解物IC50值降低为1 271.46 μg•mL-1。R-藻红蛋白对肝癌细胞HepG-2抑制作用的IC50值为1 593.61 μg•mL-1,其酶解物IC50值降低为512.05 μg•mL-1。【结论】经木瓜蛋白酶酶解后,R-藻红蛋白酶解物具有较强的抗氧化和抑瘤活性。酶解技术可作为进一步提高R-藻红蛋白生物活性的有效手段。     

福鼎硖门湾海区坛紫菜生理性病变的初步研究

通过对福鼎硖门湾海区坛紫菜病烂情况进行调查、采样和室内培养,运用显微观察方法,研究坛紫菜生理性病变的发生和发展过程。该病主要症状为叶状体梢部颜色逐渐变浅,然后发白、烂化,无明显病灶烂孔;病理表现为叶状体梢部细胞边缘模糊,色素体变色,然后发展为细胞边缘紊乱,细胞溶解,原生质流出,细胞结构失常。病变严重的易引发细菌和原生动物二次感染,造成坛紫菜叶状体出现溃烂,最后完全解离。雨水天气是导致该病变发生的原因,采取剪除叶状体病烂部位和晴好天气延长干出时间是控制该病变的主要措施。     

坛紫菜优良品系的选育与特性分析

利用体细胞克隆技术,从象山湾采集回来的坛紫菜叶状体的体细胞再生群体中筛选出细长型生长快的叶状体,再次进行体细胞克隆,从它的体细胞再生体中再次选育出生长最快的叶状体,依此法连续筛选3次,最后获得一个快速生长的优良品系(XS-1),其F1代的叶状体在生长速度、成熟期、3种主要光合色素含量等方面明显优于野生型品系(wt)。在相同条件下培养80d,XS-1品系的F1代叶状体平均体长达128.8cm,是wt品系的10.45倍;XS-1品系的F1叶状体群体的成熟高峰出现时间比wt品系推迟20d;在波长350～750nm之间,两个品系的叶状体活体吸收光谱中均出现5个吸收峰,但XS-1品系的各峰峰值均远高于wt品系;XS-1品系的叶状体总藻胆蛋白含量高达80.4mg/g,比wt品系提高了188%,而它的Chl.a含量比wt品系提高了32%;XS-1品系的叶状体平均厚度为32.2μm,比wt品系减少15%。研究结果表明,XS-1品系是一个生长快、颜色和品质好、遗传稳定的优良品系,有望在生产中得到应用。     

条斑紫菜蛋白酶解多肽的抑菌活性

以条斑紫菜为原料,分别提取水溶、酸溶、碱溶、盐溶性蛋白质,并用6种蛋白酶酶解,将所得24种酶解物采用琼脂孔穴扩散法对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、四联微球菌(Micrococcus tetragenus)、枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)以及大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)4种菌进行抑菌活性测定。结果显示,水溶性胃蛋白酶酶解物的抑菌活性最优。将水溶性蛋白质经硫酸铵沉淀以及超滤分级,比较不同饱和度硫酸铵沉淀所得蛋白质酶解物以及不同分子量多肽的抑菌效果。结果显示,水溶性蛋白在硫酸铵饱和度为40%、50%时沉淀所得蛋白的胃蛋白酶酶解物中,相对分子质量小于5 k Da的级分抑菌效果最为明显。此外,对该级分进行了抑菌活性影响因素的初步研究,结果表明该级分热稳定性以及酸碱稳定性均较好,有望开发为天然的食品防腐剂。     

Identification and characterization of a green-type mutant of Porphyra tenera Kjellman var. tamatsuensis Miura (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

We identified two green-colored conchocelis strains of cultivated Porphyra, ‘Oba-green’ and HGT-6 (F₁ strain of ‘Oba-green’), based on PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses of the nuclear ITS region and the plastid RuBisCO spacer region. These molecular analyses confirmed that the two strains were green-type mutants of the endangered species Porphyra tenera, although their blade color was not green. Under the same culture conditions, blade length increase was significantly higher in HGT-6 than in a wild strain HGT-1 of P. tenera, and the blade shape of HGT-6 was extremely elongate compared with that of HGT-1. From the growth characteristics and ITS-1 sequence data, HGT-6 was confirmed to be a green-type mutant of P. tenera var. tamatsuensis, a vigorously growing cultivar. Although photosynthetic pigment contents were lower in HGT-6 than in HGT-1, total content of four major free amino acids was higher and the blade thickness was almost the same in HGT-6 and HGT-1. These results suggest that the green-type mutant HGT-6 has potential as breeding material for further development of Porphyra breeding.     

Use of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Porphyra</Emphasis> spheroplasts as feed additive for red sea bream

ABSTRACT:   Two test diets with and without 5% Porphyra spheroplasts (PS) were formulated using white fishmeal as the main protein source. Red sea bream Pagrus major (mean body weight 15.4 ± 0.1 g) were maintained in a flow-through system (100 L) of thermo-controlled sea water (salinity 32–34, 25°C, 8 L/min) with ordinary aeration (400–600 mL/min) under laboratory light conditions (light–dark 12 h:12 h). Fish were fed three times a day at 10:00, 14:00 and 18:00 hours by hand for 42 days at 6% body weight on each experimental diet. Studies revealed that growth performance, survival and nutrient retention were significantly ( P  < 0.05) higher in the groups fed a diet containing spheroplasts (PS diet). Further, the fish fed the PS diet showed significantly ( P  < 0.05) lower feed conversion rates. Both groups of the PS and control diets had similar levels of body nutritional profile in terms of proximate compositions and fatty acids without compromising blood serum related parameters. From these experimental results, thus, it is comprehensible that a supplementary diet containing Porphyra spheroplasts can be used for maximizing not only growth of P. major but also for utilization of the feed ingredients.